{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T05:56:27Z","timestamp":1772430987359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. DHS Science and Technology Directorate","award":["HSHQDC-14-00035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSHQDC-14-00035"]}]},{"name":"U.S. DHS Science and Technology Directorate","award":["HSHQPM-14-X-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSHQPM-14-X-00001"]}]},{"name":"U.S. DHS Science and Technology Directorate","award":["70RSAT19D00000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70RSAT19D00000004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>RNA viruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), have error-prone replication resulting in the continuous emergence of new viral strains capable of evading current vaccine coverage. Vaccine formulations must be regularly updated, which is both costly and technically challenging for many vaccine platforms. In this report, we describe a plasmid-based virus-like particle (VLP) production platform utilizing transiently transfected mammalian cell cultures that combines both the rapid response adaptability of nucleic-acid-based vaccines with the ability to produce intact capsid epitopes required for immunity. Formulated vaccines which employed this platform conferred complete protection from clinical foot-and-mouth disease in both swine and cattle. This novel platform can be quickly adapted to new viral strains and serotypes through targeted exchanges of only the FMDV capsid polypeptide nucleic acid sequences, from which processed structural capsid proteins are derived. This platform obviates the need for high biocontainment manufacturing facilities to produce inactivated whole-virus vaccines from infected mammalian cell cultures, which requires upstream expansion and downstream concentration of large quantities of live virulent viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1652052445000},"page":"989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Transiently Transfected Mammalian Cell Cultures: An Adaptable and Effective Platform for Virus-like Particle-Based Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9634-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Puckette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, New York, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2572-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Primavera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Leidos, New York, NY 11944, USA"},{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, SAIC, New York, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Martel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, New York, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Leidos, New York, NY 11944, USA"},{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, SAIC, New York, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Hurtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, New York, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, New York, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5667-8027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Kamicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Leidos, New York, NY 11944, USA"},{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, SAIC, New York, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariceny","family":"Zurita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Leidos, New York, NY 11944, USA"},{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, SAIC, New York, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Brake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioQuest Associates, LLC, P.O. Box 787, Stowe, VT 05672, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Neilan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, New York, NY 11944, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9940","article-title":"Development of replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 containing the capsid and 3C protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate","volume":"263","author":"Mayr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.054122-0","article-title":"Assembly and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid particles expressed within mammalian cells","volume":"94","author":"Gullberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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