{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T17:47:07Z","timestamp":1794505627943,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Health Insurance Service in Korea and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea by the Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A3066471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A3066471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many countries have implemented public health and social measures (PHSMs) to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the PHSMs are targeted at SARS-CoV-2 transmission control, they directly or indirectly impact the epidemiology of different respiratory viral diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the collateral impact of PHSMs used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the epidemiology of other respiratory viruses, including influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus infections. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature on changes in the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and detection rates of the respiratory viruses during COVID-19 pandemic, lasting from 2020\u20132021, published between December 2019 and March 2022 in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. We identified an overall decrease of 23\u201394% in the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and a decrease of 0\u201398% in the detection of the viruses. Our study suggests that the PHSMs implemented during COVID-19 pandemic reduced the incidence of respiratory viral diseases and transmission of respiratory viruses. At the time of this study, and as governments relax PHSMs, public health authorities should prepare for a probable increase in the burden of respiratory viral diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T08:34:29Z","timestamp":1652776469000},"page":"1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Collateral Impact of Public Health and Social Measures on Respiratory Virus Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8231-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Achangwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea"},{"name":"Onehealth Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huikyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea"},{"name":"Onehealth Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-8167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukhyun","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea"},{"name":"Onehealth Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1642-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moo-Sik","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038356","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038356","article-title":"Human Influenza Epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Ryu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0347-8","article-title":"Temporal relationship between antibiotic use and respiratory virus activities in the Republic of Korea: A time-series analysis","volume":"7","author":"Ryu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30408-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: A systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"McAllister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190995","article-title":"Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings-Social Distancing Measures","volume":"26","author":"Fong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190994","article-title":"Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings-Personal Protective and Environmental Measures","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190993","article-title":"Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings-International Travel-Related Measures","volume":"26","author":"Ryu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab208","article-title":"Decreased Use of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic in South Korea","volume":"224","author":"Ryu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2118145","article-title":"COVID-19\u2019s Devastating Effect on Tuberculosis Care\u2014A Path to Recovery","volume":"386","author":"Pai","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa157","article-title":"Neglected tropical disease control in a world with COVID-19: An opportunity and a necessity for innovation","volume":"115","author":"Brooker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101728","article-title":"Decreased patient visits for ankle sprain during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea: A nationwide retrospective study","volume":"26","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/17516234.2016.1201877","article-title":"Policy processes in South Korea through the lens of the Advocacy Coalition Framework","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asian Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055074","article-title":"Decrease in the incidence of chlamydia infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea","volume":"98","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0907","article-title":"How Should U.S. Hospitals Prepare for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)?","volume":"172","author":"Chopra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00143-2","article-title":"Vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19: A mathematical modelling study","volume":"21","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab586","article-title":"Transmission Dynamics of the Delta Variant of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in South Korea","volume":"225","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Ali, S.T., Kim, S., Jo, J., Lim, J.S., Lee, S., and Ryu, S. (2022). Estimation of Serial Interval and Reproduction Number to Quantify the Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in South Korea. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030533"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, S., Ali, S.T., Noh, E., Kim, D., Lau, E.H.Y., and Cowling, B.J. (2021). Transmission dynamics and control of two epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06204-6"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.201886","article-title":"Effect of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, South Korea, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Ryu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"155","article-title":"Viruses in acute respiratory infection in a general community","volume":"63","author":"Banatvala","year":"1965","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Harrasi, A., and Bhatia, S. (2022, March 30). Epidemiology Respiratory Infections: Types, Transmission, and Risks Associated with Co-Infections. Role Essent Oils Manag COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.1201\/9781003175933-3\/epidemiology-respiratory-infections-types-transmission-risks-associated-co-infections-ahmed-al-harrasi-saurabh-bhatia.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003175933-3"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21157-9","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90329-w","article-title":"Decline in influenza cases in Mexico after the implementation of public health measures for COVID-19","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001600","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.29.2001600","article-title":"Decline of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus detection in facility-based surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic, South Africa, January to October 2020","volume":"26","author":"Tempia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab485","article-title":"Quantifying the Impact of COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Influenza Transmission in the United States","volume":"224","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201229","article-title":"Decreased Influenza Incidence under COVID-19 Control Measures, Singapore","volume":"26","author":"Soo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.203193","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 Prevention Measures on Other Common Infections, Taiwan","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30090-6","article-title":"Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: An observational study","volume":"5","author":"Cowling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa672","article-title":"Impact of public health interventions on seasonal influenza activity during the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.13168","article-title":"Respiratory virus detection during the COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland, Australia","volume":"46","author":"Ware","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2801.211099","article-title":"Effects of Nonpharmaceutical COVID-19 Interventions on Pediatric Hospitalizations for Other Respiratory Virus Infections, Hong Kong","volume":"28","author":"Chiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuitunen, I., Artama, M., Haapanen, M., and Renko, M. (2022). Record high parainfluenza season in children after relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions in fall 2021\u2014A nationwide register study in Finland. Influenza Other Respi. Viruses.","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12983"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104911","article-title":"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic on common childhood respiratory viruses\u2014An epidemiological study based on hospital data","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01627-8","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of respiratory viruses in children with lower respiratory tract infections in China","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.005","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza epidemics disappearance in Korea during the 2020-2021 season of COVID-19","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06461-5","article-title":"Decreased human respiratory syncytial virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: An ecological time-series analysis","volume":"21","author":"Wagatsuma","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"100015","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other seasonal respiratory virus circulation in Canada: A population-based study","volume":"1","author":"Groves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health-Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1475","article-title":"Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Public Health Measures on Detections of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children During the 2020 Australian Winter","volume":"72","author":"Yeoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vittucci, A.C., Piccioni, L., Coltella, L., Ciarlitto, C., Antilici, L., Bozzola, E., Midulla, F., Palma, P., Perno, C.F., and Villani, A. (2021). The Disappearance of Respiratory Viruses in Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189550"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab231","article-title":"Shifting Patterns of Respiratory Virus Activity Following Social Distancing Measures for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in South Korea","volume":"224","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6063","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27180","article-title":"Rhinovirus spread in children during the COVID-19 pandemic despite social restrictions\u2014A nationwide register study in Finland","volume":"93","author":"Kuitunen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-150","article-title":"Rotavirus and adenovirus infections in children during COVID-19 outbreak in Hangzhou, China","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagakubo, Y., Hirotsu, Y., Maejima, M., Shibusawa, M., Hosaka, K., Amemiya, K., Sueki, H., Hayakawa, M., Mochizuki, H., and Tsutsui, T. (2022). Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 epidemic changed detection rates of other circulating respiratory pathogens in Japan. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262874"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2020.05.026","article-title":"Collateral benefits on other respiratory infections during fighting COVID-19","volume":"155","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Cl\u00ednica (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa179","article-title":"Effects of School Holidays on Seasonal Influenza in South Korea, 2014\u20132016","volume":"222","author":"Ryu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030703","article-title":"SARS Control and Psychological Effects of Quarantine, Toronto, Canada","volume":"10","author":"Hawryluck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S.T., Lau, Y.C., Shan, S., Ryu, S., Du, Z., Wang, L., Xu, X.-K., Chen, D., Xiong, J., and Tae, J. (2022). Prediction of Upcoming Global Infection Burden of Influenza Seasons after Relaxation of Public Health and Social Measures for COVID-19 Pandemic. SSRN Electron. J.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4063811"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/5\/1071\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:11:40Z","timestamp":1760137900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/5\/1071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v14051071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14051071","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]}}}