{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:51:13Z","timestamp":1790272273360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SC2MH118473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SC2MH118473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This literature review summarizes the existing research examining the CNS penetration effectiveness (CPE) score and neurocognitive outcomes (i.e., neuropsychological assessment and neurocognitive screening) in HIV+ individuals. Despite the effectiveness of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy (CART) in reducing mortality and morbidity in HIV and controlling viral replication, HIV often persists in the Central Nervous System (CNS), and rates of neurocognitive impairment remain higher than predicted in the post-CART era. The CPE score was developed to rank antiretroviral regimens on their ability to penetrate the CNS and potency in inhibiting the virus, and it has been examined in relation to neurocognitive functioning for over a decade. Based on the results of 23 studies, we conclude that CPE is not as strongly associated with neurocognitive outcomes as initially hypothesized, although higher CPE ARV regimens may be associated with modest, improved outcomes in global neurocognitive functioning, and to a lesser extent attention\/working memory and learning\/memory. Conclusions, however, are limited by the heterogeneity in study design and methods, and the lack of a more recent CPE metric update. It is recommended that future research in this area employ comprehensive, standardized neuropsychological test batteries and examine domain-level performance, and use the newer 2010 CPE metric, although an updated CPE ranking is urgently needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1653974742000},"page":"1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["HIV Antiretroviral Medication Neuropenetrance and Neurocognitive Outcomes in HIV+ Adults: A Review of the Literature Examining the Central Nervous System Penetration Effectiveness Score"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Arentoft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Troxell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Pacific Neuroscience Institute Foundation, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maral","family":"Aghvinian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Rivera Mindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Cherner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Van Dyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Razani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Roxas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA 91330, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Gavilanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199910010-00017","article-title":"Natural history of HIV infection in the_era of combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"13","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00010.x","article-title":"HIV-1 persistence, viral reservoir, and the central nervous system in the HAART era","volume":"13","author":"Lambotte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820d8b0b","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy CNS penetration and HIV-1\u2013associated CNS disease","volume":"76","author":"Garvey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12421","article-title":"Life expectancy of HIV-positive people after starting combination antiretroviral therapy: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Teeraananchai","year":"2016","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260701862086","article-title":"Neurobiology of HIV","volume":"20","author":"Hult","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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