{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T20:30:18Z","timestamp":1768681818639,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research under the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI)","award":["17H04341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04341"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research under the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI)","award":["22H03229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H03229"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research under the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI)","award":["20K08829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K08829"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We recently published an article about myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-independent rubella infection of keratinocytes in vitro, in which first-trimester trophoblast cells were shown as rubella virus (RuV)-resistant. Given an incident rate as high as 90% of congenital rubella syndrome in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, the RuV infection of first-trimester trophoblasts is considered key to opening the gate to transplacental transmission mechanisms. Therefore, with this study, we aimed to verify the susceptibility\/resistance of first-trimester trophoblast cell lines, HTR-8\/SVneo and Swan.71, against RuV. Cells cultured on multi-well plates were challenged with a RuV clinical strain at a multiplicity of infection from 5 to 10 for 3 h. The infectivity was investigated by immunofluorescence (IF) assay and flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Supernatants collected during the post-infection period were used to determine virus-progeny production. The scattered signaling of RuV infection of these cells was noted by IF assay, and the FCM analysis showed an average of 4\u20135% of gated cells infected with RuV. In addition, a small but significant production of virus progeny was also observed. In conclusion, by employing appropriate approaches, we determined the low infectivity of RuV in first-trimester trophoblast cell lines but not resistance as in our previous report.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1653974742000},"page":"1169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Low Susceptibility of Rubella Virus in First-Trimester Trophoblast Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ngan Thi Kim","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang Duy","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9826-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhide","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9417-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihoko","family":"Komine-Aizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02349-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02349-20","article-title":"Molecular and Structural Insights into the Life Cycle of Rubella Virus","volume":"95","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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