{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T21:14:37Z","timestamp":1762809277237,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANR and CGI through Labex SEAM ANR 11 LABX 086, ANR 11 IDEX 05 02, and the IdEx \u201cUniversit\u00e9 Paris 2019\u201d ANR-18-IDEX-0001","award":["REACT UE-CM2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REACT UE-CM2021-01"]}]},{"name":"CNRS and French Ministry of Higher Education Research and Innovation (MESRI)","award":["REACT UE-CM2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REACT UE-CM2021-01"]}]},{"name":"DISCOVER-UAH-CM project","award":["REACT UE-CM2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REACT UE-CM2021-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last few years, the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 proved the crucial importance of understanding how emerging viruses work and proliferate, in order to avoid the repetition of such a dramatic sanitary situation with unprecedented social and economic costs. West Nile Virus is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can spread to humans and induce severe neurological problems. This RNA virus caused recent remarkable outbreaks, notably in Europe, highlighting the need to investigate the molecular mechanisms of its infection process in order to design and propose efficient antivirals. Here, we resort to all-atom Molecular Dynamics simulations to characterize the structure of the 5\u2032-untranslated region of the West Nile Virus genome and its specific recognition by the human innate immune system via oligoadenylate synthetase. Our simulations allowed us to map the interaction network between the viral RNA and the host protein, which drives its specific recognition and triggers the host immune response. These results may provide fundamental knowledge that can assist further antivirals\u2019 design, including therapeutic RNA strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T06:31:59Z","timestamp":1655101919000},"page":"1282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Specific Recognition of the 5\u2032-Untranslated Region of West Nile Virus Genome by Human Innate Immune System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9475-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Bignon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7158-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Marazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica e Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica \u201cAndr\u00e9s M. del R\u00edo\u201d (IQAR), Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1259-5278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Miclot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8773-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9464-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Monari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"ITODYS, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2950","article-title":"West Nile virus infection and immunity","volume":"11","author":"Suthar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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