{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:13:39Z","timestamp":1787030019997,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Institute","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related factors, including the viral load, genotype, and genomic mutations, have been linked to the development of liver diseases. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the influence of HBV genetic variability during acute and chronic infection phases. A real-time nested PCR was used to detect HBV DNA in all samples (acute, n = 22; chronic, n = 49). All samples were sequenced for phylogenetic and mutation analyses. Genotype A, sub-genotype A1, was the most common genotype in the study population. A total of 190 mutations were found in the pre-S\/S gene area and the acute profile revealed a greater number of nucleotide mutations (p &lt; 0.05). However, both profiles contained nucleotide mutations linked to immune escape and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinomas (acute, A7T; chronic, A7Q). Furthermore, 17 amino acid substitutions were identified in the viral polymerase region, including the drug resistance mutations lamivudine and entecavir (rtL180M), with statistically significant differences between the mutant and wild type strains. Owing to the natural occurrence of these mutations, it is important to screen for resistance mutations before beginning therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1656283823000},"page":"1375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of Pre-S\/S and Polymerase Mutations with Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infections in Patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Camilla Rodrigues","family":"de Almeida Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasil Av., 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0894-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrini Guidolini","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Esp\u00edrito Santo Federal University, Esp\u00edrito Santo 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7705-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius","family":"da Motta de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4776-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Spitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasil Av., 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar Rafael Carmo","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasil Av., 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3447-4621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia Laura","family":"Lewis-Ximenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-1304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Motta","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasil Av., 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Salete","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasil Av., 4365 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.116","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: New estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity","volume":"30","author":"Ott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.01.001","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis","volume":"49","author":"Razavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. 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