{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:45:38Z","timestamp":1791308738971,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI127845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI127845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AI141744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI141744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI127845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI127845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AI141744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI141744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Noroviruses are associated with one fifth of diarrheal illnesses globally and are not yet preventable with vaccines. Little is known about the effects of norovirus infection on infant gut microbiome health, which has a demonstrated role in protecting hosts from pathogens and a possible role in oral vaccine performance. In this study, we characterized infant gut microbiome changes occurring with norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and the extent of recovery. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on the stools of five infants participating in a longitudinal birth cohort study conducted in Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua. Taxonomic and functional diversities of gut microbiomes were profiled at time points before, during, and after norovirus infection. Initially, the gut microbiomes resembled those of breastfeeding infants, rich in probiotic species. When disturbed by AGE, Gammaproteobacteria dominated, particularly Pseudomonas species. Alpha diversity increased but the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and glycan biosynthesis decreased. After the symptoms subsided, the gut microbiomes rebounded with their taxonomic and functional communities resembling those of the pre-infection microbiomes. In this study, during disruptive norovirus-associated AGE, the gut microbiome was temporarily altered, returning to a pre-infection composition a median of 58 days later. Our study provides new insights for developing probiotic treatments and furthering our understanding of the role that episodes of AGE have in shaping the infant gut microbiome, their long-term outcomes, and implications for oral vaccine effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:07:02Z","timestamp":1656374822000},"page":"1395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gut Microbiome Changes Occurring with Norovirus Infection and Recovery in Infants Enrolled in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort in Leon, Nicaragua"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Cannon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"},{"name":"CDC Foundation, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0336-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Seabolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Advanced Molecular Detection, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"},{"name":"Leidos Inc., Reston, VA 20190, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3364-1587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruijie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Montmayeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2009-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Hwan","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"},{"name":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheonju-Si 28159, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2247-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Diez-Valcarce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9819-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filem\u00f3n","family":"Bucardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua\u2014Le\u00f3n (UNAN-Le\u00f3n), Le\u00f3n 21000, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Becker-Dreps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Vinj\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31128-0","article-title":"Viral gastroenteritis","volume":"392","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa438","article-title":"Burden of Norovirus in the United States, as Estimated Based on Administrative Data: Updates for Medically Attended Illness and Mortality, 2001\u20132015","volume":"73","author":"Burke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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