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Labor and Welfare, Japan","award":["15fm0108009h0001\u201321wm0125005h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15fm0108009h0001\u201321wm0125005h0002"]}]},{"name":"the Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan","award":["21K10414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K10414"]}]},{"name":"the Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan","award":["H30-Shinkougyousei-Shitei-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H30-Shinkougyousei-Shitei-002"]}]},{"name":"the Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan","award":["H30-Shinkougyousei-Shitei-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H30-Shinkougyousei-Shitei-004"]}]},{"name":"the Niigata Prefecture Coronavirus Infectious Disease Control Research and Human Resources Development Support Fund","award":["GC03220213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GC03220213"]}]},{"name":"the Niigata Prefecture Coronavirus Infectious Disease Control Research and Human Resources Development Support Fund","award":["15fm0108009h0001\u201321wm0125005h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15fm0108009h0001\u201321wm0125005h0002"]}]},{"name":"the Niigata Prefecture Coronavirus Infectious Disease Control Research and Human Resources Development Support Fund","award":["21K10414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K10414"]}]},{"name":"the Niigata Prefecture Coronavirus Infectious Disease Control Research and Human Resources Development Support Fund","award":["H30-Shinkougyousei-Shitei-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H30-Shinkougyousei-Shitei-002"]}]},{"name":"the Niigata Prefecture Coronavirus Infectious Disease Control Research and Human Resources Development Support Fund","award":["H30-Shinkougyousei-Shitei-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H30-Shinkougyousei-Shitei-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We quantified the effects of adherence to various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the seasonal influenza epidemic dynamics in Japan during 2020. The total monthly number of seasonal influenza cases per sentinel site (seasonal influenza activity) reported to the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases and alternative NPI indicators (retail sales of hand hygiene products and number of airline passenger arrivals) from 2014\u20132020 were collected. The average number of monthly seasonal influenza cases in 2020 had decreased by approximately 66.0% (p &lt; 0.001) compared to those in the preceding six years. An increase in retail sales of hand hygiene products of \u00a51 billion over a 3-month period led to a 15.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.9\u201320.0%; p &lt; 0.001) reduction in seasonal influenza activity. An increase in the average of one million domestic and international airline passenger arrivals had a significant association with seasonal influenza activity by 11.6% at lag 0\u20132 months (95% CI: 6.70\u201316.5%; p &lt; 0.001) and 30.9% at lag 0\u20132 months (95% CI: 20.9\u201340.9%; p &lt; 0.001). NPI adherence was associated with decreased seasonal influenza activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, which has crucial implications for planning public health interventions to minimize the health consequences of adverse seasonal influenza epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T03:26:37Z","timestamp":1656473197000},"page":"1417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Was the Reduction in Seasonal Influenza Transmission during 2020 Attributable to Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Contain Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Keita","family":"Wagatsuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain S.","family":"Koolhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1554-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reiko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators (2018). 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