{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:58:53Z","timestamp":1790531933535,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM103474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1019382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1019382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1026146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-67016-29907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67016-29907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Montana Agricultural Experiment Station","award":["P20GM103474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103474"]}]},{"name":"Montana Agricultural Experiment Station","award":["1019382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1019382"]}]},{"name":"Montana Agricultural Experiment Station","award":["1026146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026146"]}]},{"name":"Montana Agricultural Experiment Station","award":["2019-67016-29907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67016-29907"]}]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology at MSU","award":["P20GM103474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103474"]}]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology at MSU","award":["1019382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1019382"]}]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology at MSU","award":["1026146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026146"]}]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology at MSU","award":["2019-67016-29907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67016-29907"]}]},{"name":"Molecular Biosciences Program at MSU","award":["P20GM103474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103474"]}]},{"name":"Molecular Biosciences Program at MSU","award":["1019382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1019382"]}]},{"name":"Molecular Biosciences Program at MSU","award":["1026146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026146"]}]},{"name":"Molecular Biosciences Program at MSU","award":["2019-67016-29907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67016-29907"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA AFRI","award":["P20GM103474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103474"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA AFRI","award":["1019382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1019382"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA AFRI","award":["1026146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026146"]}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA AFRI","award":["2019-67016-29907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67016-29907"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymicrobial pneumonias occur frequently in cattle, swine, and sheep, resulting in major economic losses. Individual pathogens comprising these complex infections may be mild on their own but can instead exhibit synergism or increase host susceptibility. Two examples of such pathogens, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) and influenza D viruses (IDVs), naturally infect domestic sheep. In sheep, the role of M. ovipneumoniae in chronic nonprogressive pneumonia is well-established, but the pathogenesis of IDV infection has not previously been studied. We utilized a specific-pathogen-free sheep flock to study the clinical response to IDV infection in na\u00efve vs. M. ovipneumoniae-exposed lambs. Lambs were inoculated intranasally with M. ovipneumoniae or mock infection, followed after four weeks by infection with IDV. Pathogen shedding was tracked, and immunological responses were evaluated by measuring acute phase response and IDV-neutralizing antibody titers. While lamb health statuses remained subclinical, M. ovipneumoniae-exposed lambs had significantly elevated body temperatures during IDV infection compared to M. ovipneumoniae-na\u00efve, IDV-infected lambs. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between prior M. ovipneumoniae burden, early-infection IDV shedding, and IDV-neutralizing antibody response. Our findings suggest that IDV infection may not induce clinical symptoms in domestic sheep, but previous M. ovipneumoniae exposure may promote mild IDV-associated inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T03:26:37Z","timestamp":1656473197000},"page":"1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pathophysiology of Influenza D Virus Infection in Specific-Pathogen-Free Lambs with or without Prior Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ema","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clyde","family":"Schulein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1926-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. Tegner","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerri","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon","family":"Sago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montana State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1911 West Lincoln Street, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jutila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Bimczok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Rynda-Apple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000094","article-title":"Influenza Infection Induces Alveolar Macrophage Dysfunction and Thereby Enables Noninvasive Streptococcus Pneumoniae to Cause Deadly Pneumonia","volume":"205","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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