{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:45:10Z","timestamp":1760229910378,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to explore disease patterns of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatic musculoskeletal disorders (RMD) treated with immunosuppressive drugs in comparison with the general population. The observational study considered a cohort of RMD patients treated with biologic drugs or small molecules from September 2019 to November 2020 in the province of Udine, Italy. Data include the assessment of both pandemic waves until the start of the vaccination, between February 2020 and April 2020 (first), and between September 2020 and November 2020 (second). COVID-19 prevalence in 1051 patients was 3.5% without significant differences compared to the general population, and the course of infection was generally benign with 2.6% mortality. A small percentage of COVID-19 positive subjects were treated with low doses of steroids (8%). The most used treatments were represented by anti-TNF agents (65%) and anti-IL17\/23 agents (16%). More than two-thirds of patients reported fever, while gastro-intestinal symptoms were recorded in 27% of patients and this clinical involvement was associated with longer swab positivity. The prevalence of COVID-19 in RMD patients has been confirmed as low in both waves. The benign course of COVID-19 in our patients may be linked to the very low number of chronic corticosteroids used and the possible protective effect of anti-TNF agents, which were the main class of biologics herein employed. Gastro-intestinal symptoms might be a predictor of viral persistence in immunosuppressed patients. This finding could be useful to identify earlier COVID-19 carriers with uncommon symptoms, eventually eligible for antiviral drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T23:38:55Z","timestamp":1656977935000},"page":"1462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Safety of Biologic-DMARDs in Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Population-Based Study over the First Two Waves of COVID-19 Outbreak"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Arianna","family":"Sonaglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Specialist Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Comoretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zeta Research S.r.l., 34133 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Pasut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Pharmacy, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Treppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Specialist Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Del Frate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Specialist Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Colatutto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Specialist Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0573-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alen","family":"Zabotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Specialist Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"De Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Specialist Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0134-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Quartuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Specialist Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baj, J., Karaku\u0142a-Juchnowicz, H., Teresi\u0144ski, G., Buszewicz, G., Ciesielka, M., Sitarz, E., Forma, A., Karaku\u0142a, K., Flieger, W., and Portincasa, P. 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