{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:46:10Z","timestamp":1792424770260,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) refers to a condition in which replication-competent viral DNA is present in the liver (with detectable or undetectable HBV DNA in the serum) of individuals testing negative for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). In this peculiar phase of HBV infection, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is in a low state of replication. Many advances have been made in clarifying the mechanisms involved in such a suppression of viral activity, which seems to be mainly related to the host\u2019s immune control and epigenetic factors. OBI is diffused worldwide, but its prevalence is highly variable among patient populations. This depends on different geographic areas, risk factors for parenteral infections, and assays used for HBsAg and HBV DNA detection. OBI has an impact in several clinical contexts: (a) it can be transmitted, causing a classic form of hepatitis B, through blood transfusion or liver transplantation; (b) it may reactivate in the case of immunosuppression, leading to the possible development of even fulminant hepatitis; (c) it may accelerate the progression of chronic liver disease due to different causes toward cirrhosis; (d) it maintains the pro-oncogenic properties of the \u201covert\u201d infection, favoring the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"1504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-4359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Saitta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine and Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Pollicino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Raimondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine and Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"46","author":"Raimondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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