{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:15:30Z","timestamp":1790727330890,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["ANR-17-CE35-0001-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-CE35-0001-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging flavivirus transmitted through mosquito bites and responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations. Following their inoculation within the skin, flaviviruses replicate in keratinocytes of the epidermis, inducing an innate immune response including the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Among them, the cathelicidin LL-37 and the human beta-defensin (hBD)-3 are known for their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. We assessed their role during WNV infection of human primary keratinocytes. LL-37 reduced the viral load in the supernatant of infected keratinocytes and of the titer of a viral inoculum incubated in the presence of the peptide, suggesting a direct antiviral effect of this AMP. Conversely, WNV replication was not inhibited by hBD-3. The two peptides then demonstrated immunomodulatory properties whether in the context of keratinocyte stimulation by poly(I:C) or infection by WNV, but not alone. This study demonstrates the immunostimulatory properties of these two skin AMPs at the initial site of WNV replication and the ability of LL-37 to directly inactivate West Nile viral infectious particles. The results provide new information on the multiple functions of these two peptides and underline the potential of AMPs as new antiviral strategies in the fight against flaviviral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"1552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antiviral Effect of hBD-3 and LL-37 during Human Primary Keratinocyte Infection with West Nile Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Chessa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2, Rue de la Mil\u00e9trie, CS 90577, 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epith\u00e9liaux et Cytokines, LITEC, UR 15560, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, P\u00f4le Biologie Sant\u00e9, B\u00e2timent B36, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8016-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Bodet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epith\u00e9liaux et Cytokines, LITEC, UR 15560, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, P\u00f4le Biologie Sant\u00e9, B\u00e2timent B36, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Jousselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2, Rue de la Mil\u00e9trie, CS 90577, 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epith\u00e9liaux et Cytokines, LITEC, UR 15560, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, P\u00f4le Biologie Sant\u00e9, B\u00e2timent B36, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Larivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2, Rue de la Mil\u00e9trie, CS 90577, 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epith\u00e9liaux et Cytokines, LITEC, UR 15560, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, P\u00f4le Biologie Sant\u00e9, B\u00e2timent B36, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia","family":"Damour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2, Rue de la Mil\u00e9trie, CS 90577, 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epith\u00e9liaux et Cytokines, LITEC, UR 15560, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, P\u00f4le Biologie Sant\u00e9, B\u00e2timent B36, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5196-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Garnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qima Bioalternatives, 1 Rue des Plantes, 86160 Gen\u00e7ay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"L\u00e9v\u00eaque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2, Rue de la Mil\u00e9trie, CS 90577, 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epith\u00e9liaux et Cytokines, LITEC, UR 15560, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, P\u00f4le Biologie Sant\u00e9, B\u00e2timent B36, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Poitiers, 2, Rue de la Mil\u00e9trie, CS 90577, 86000 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epith\u00e9liaux et Cytokines, LITEC, UR 15560, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, P\u00f4le Biologie Sant\u00e9, B\u00e2timent B36, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471","article-title":"A Neurotropic Virus Isolated from the Blood of a Native of Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Smithburn","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. 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