{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:44:44Z","timestamp":1775069084825,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa"},{"name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation (PRF) of South Africa"},{"name":"PRF of South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Higher Education, next Generation of Academic Programme (nGAP)"},{"name":"UWC Senate Research Fund"},{"name":"NRF of South Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The less virulent human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 cause mild, self-limiting respiratory tract infections, while the more virulent SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have caused severe outbreaks. The CoV envelope (E) protein, an important contributor to the pathogenesis of severe hCoV infections, may provide insight into this disparate severity of the disease. We, therefore, generated full-length E protein models for SARS-CoV-1 and -2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 and docked C-terminal peptides of each model to the PDZ domain of the human PALS1 protein. The PDZ-binding motif (PBM) of the SARS-CoV-1 and -2 and MERS-CoV models adopted a more flexible, extended coil, while the HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 models adopted a less flexible alpha helix. All the E peptides docked to PALS1 occupied the same binding site and the more virulent hCoV E peptides generally interacted more stably with PALS1 than the less virulent ones. We hypothesize that the increased flexibility of the PBM in the more virulent hCoVs facilitates more stable binding to various host proteins, thereby contributing to more severe disease. This is the first paper to model full-length 3D structures for both the more virulent and less virulent hCoV E proteins, providing novel insights for possible drug and\/or vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:15:26Z","timestamp":1659485726000},"page":"1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Flexible, Extended Coil of the PDZ-Binding Motif of the Three Deadly Human Coronavirus E Proteins Plays a Role in Pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dewald","family":"Schoeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Cloete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1873-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burtram C.","family":"Fielding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Broadbent, L. 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