{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:57:01Z","timestamp":1760230621624,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["457664\/2013\u20104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["457664\/2013\u20104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrophages in the kidney play a pathogenic role in inflammation and fibrosis. Our study aimed to understand the polarisation of the M1 and M2 phenotypic profiles of macrophages in injured kidney tissue retrieved from fatal cases of yellow fever virus (YFV). A total of 11 renal tissue biopsies obtained from patients who died of yellow fever (YF) were analysed. To detect antibodies that promote the classical and alternative pathways of macrophage activation, immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect CD163, CD68, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase 1, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, IFN-\u03b2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, IL-13, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2. There was a difference in the marker expression between fatal cases of YFV and control samples, with increased expression in the cortical region of the renal parenchyma. The immunoexpression of CD68 and CD163 receptors suggests the presence of activated macrophages migrating to infectious foci. The rise in IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13 indicated their potential role in the inactivation of the inflammatory macrophage response and phenotypic modulation of M2 macrophages. The altered expression of IFN-\u03b3 and IFN-\u03b2 demonstrates the importance of the innate immune response in combating microorganisms. Our findings indicate that the polarisation of M1 and M2 macrophages plays a vital role in the renal immune response to YFV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T02:12:39Z","timestamp":1659665559000},"page":"1725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Emergence of New Immunopathogenic Factors in Human Yellow Fever: Polarisation of the M1\/M2 Macrophage Response in the Renal Parenchyma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Marinho","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sec\u00e7\u00e3o de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorragicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67015-120, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8391-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Fabio Magno","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Universidade do Estado do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66550-040, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-570, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas Coutinho Tuma","family":"da Ponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Universidade do Estado do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66550-040, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla Costa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Universidade do Estado do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66550-040, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Livia Caricio","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sec\u00e7\u00e3o de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorragicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67015-120, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6667-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannifer Oliveira","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sec\u00e7\u00e3o de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorragicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67015-120, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9153-1234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaldo Jorge","family":"Martins Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sec\u00e7\u00e3o de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorragicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67015-120, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2909-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edna Cristina Santos","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sec\u00e7\u00e3o de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorragicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67015-120, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8540-6701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Irma Seixas","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-570, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Rodrigues de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Universidade do Estado do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66550-040, PA, 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