{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T03:07:37Z","timestamp":1771643257044,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Brazil","award":["475969\/2013-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["475969\/2013-8"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Brazil","award":["573806\/2008-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["573806\/2008-0"]}]},{"name":"INCT para Controle do C\u00e2ncer, Brazil","award":["475969\/2013-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["475969\/2013-8"]}]},{"name":"INCT para Controle do C\u00e2ncer, Brazil","award":["573806\/2008-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["573806\/2008-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) is a saliva-borne \u0263-herpesvirus associated with benign and malignant lymphoproliferation. EBV-mediated tumorigenic mechanisms are not fully understood and may be related to viral genetic variations. In this work, we characterize the genetic diversity of EBV from Brazil, assessing 82 samples derived from saliva from asymptomatic carriers (n = 45), biopsies of benign reactive hyperplasia (n = 4), and lymphomas (n = 33). Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of the entire coding region of the LMP-1 was performed. Additionally, type 1\/type 2 distinction by the EBNA3C gene and Zp variants were evaluated. Our results revealed a high diversity of EBV in Brazil, with the co-circulation of four main clades, described here as: Mediterranean (40.2%, n = 33), Raji\/Argentine (39%, n = 32), B95-8 (6.1%, n = 5), and Asian II (1.2%, n = 1). The Raji\/Argentine and Mediterranean clades were the most prevalent in South America (45% and 28%, respectively). The Raji\/Argentine clade was associated with polymorphisms I124V\/I152L, del30 bp, and ins15 bp (p &lt; 0.0001, to all clades) and with a high haplotype diversity related to EBV type and Zp variants. We found that a Raji\/Argentine subclade spread primarily from Brazil and later to other South American countries. Although no LMP1 variant has been directly associated with disease, the Raji\/Argentine clade was predominantly clustered with lymphomas (61%) and the Mediterranean clade with non-malignant cases (59%) (p = 0.1). These data highlight the high genetic diversity of EBV circulating in Brazil, calling attention to a Raji-related variant with great recombination potential in Brazilian lymphomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T03:40:32Z","timestamp":1660621232000},"page":"1762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Spatial Dispersal of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus in South America Reveals an African American Variant in Brazilian Lymphomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4341-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Oncovirologia, Centro de Transplante de Medula \u00d3ssea, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer \u201cJos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u201d (INCA), Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2515-7130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Larrate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Oncovirologia, Centro de Transplante de Medula \u00d3ssea, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer \u201cJos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u201d (INCA), Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aruan\u00e3","family":"Garcia-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Oncovirologia, Centro de Transplante de Medula \u00d3ssea, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer \u201cJos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u201d (INCA), Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9922-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Rohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Oncovirologia, Centro de Transplante de Medula \u00d3ssea, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer \u201cJos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u201d (INCA), Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca Ervatti","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Oncovirologia, Centro de Transplante de Medula \u00d3ssea, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer \u201cJos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u201d (INCA), Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Abdelhay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de C\u00e9lulas Tronco, Centro de Transplante de Medula \u00d3ssea, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer \u201cJos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u201d (INCA), Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5746-0820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edson","family":"Delatorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Naturais e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo, Alegre 29500-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rocio","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Oncovirologia, Centro de Transplante de Medula \u00d3ssea, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer \u201cJos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva\u201d (INCA), Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013023","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr Virus and Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Farrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. 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