{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:01:12Z","timestamp":1760230872880,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Even though coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered an independent risk factor of an unfavorable outcome of SARS-CoV-2-infection, the clinical course of COVID-19 in subjects with CAD is heterogeneous, ranging from clinically asymptomatic to fatal cases. Since the individual C2HEST components are similar to the COVID-19 risk factors, we evaluated its predictive value in CAD subjects. Materials and Methods: In total, 2183 patients hospitalized due to confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled onto this study consecutively. Based on past medical history, subjects were assigned to one of two of the study arms (CAD vs. non-CAD) and allocated to different risk strata, based on the C2HEST score. Results: The CAD cohort included 228 subjects, while the non-CAD cohort consisted of 1956 patients. In-hospital, 3-month and 6-month mortality was highest in the high-risk C2HEST stratum in the CAD cohort, reaching 43.06%, 56.25% and 65.89%, respectively, whereas in the non-CAD cohort in the high-risk stratum, it reached: 26.92%, 50.77% and 64.55%. Significant differences in mortality between the C2HEST stratum in the CAD arm were observed in post hoc analysis only for medium- vs. high-risk strata. The C2HEST score in the CAD cohort could predict hypovolemic shock, pneumonia and acute heart failure during hospitalization, whereas in the non-CAD cohort, it could predict cardiovascular events (myocardial injury, acute heart failure, myocardial infract, carcinogenic shock), pneumonia, acute liver dysfunction and renal injury as well as bleedings. Conclusions: The C2HEST score is a simple, easy-to-apply tool which might be useful in risk stratification, preferably in non-CAD subjects admitted to hospital due to COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T03:40:32Z","timestamp":1660621232000},"page":"1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Usefulness of the C2HEST Risk Score in Predicting Clinical Outcomes among Hospitalized Subjects with COVID-19 and Coronary Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0963-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Rola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Provincial Specialized Hospital, Iwaszkiewicza 5 Street, 59-220 Legnica, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5472-028X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Doroszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3951-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Trocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine,Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2 Street, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8628-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Gajecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Gawry\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Matys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Giniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, K. Marcinkowski Street 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kujawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, K. Marcinkowski Street 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Skarupski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, K. Marcinkowski Street 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego Street 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Adamik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-5294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kaliszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of General, Minimally Invasive and Endocrine Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kili\u015b-Pstrusi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1064-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Matera-Witkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Screening of Biological Activity Assays and Collection of Biological Material Laboratory, Wroclaw Medical University Biobank, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Pomorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Clinical Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Protasiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Madziarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Madej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Gogolewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goutam","family":"Chourasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1861-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9886-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"W\u0142odarczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Copper Health Centre (MCZ), M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street 66, 59-300 Lubin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Rabczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Soko\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa Anita","family":"Jankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3624-3691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Madziarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","article-title":"Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review","volume":"324","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0014.5459","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms in the course of COVID-19","volume":"74","author":"Jakubiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. 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