{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1783655653042,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French ministry of Research"},{"name":"Eau de Paris"},{"name":"IRBA"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur Dakar"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: There is extensive evidence that SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the infectivity of virions in feces is poorly documented. Although the primary mode of transmission is airborne, the risk of transmission from contaminated feces remains to be assessed. Design: The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 (infectivity and RNA) in human and animal feces was evaluated by virus isolation on cell culture and RT-qPCR, respectively. The exposure of golden Syrian hamsters to experimentally contaminated feces through intranasal inoculation has also been tested to assess the fecal-oral transmission route. Results: For periods that are compatible with average intestinal transit, the SARS-CoV-2 genome was noticeably stable in human and animal feces, contrary to the virus infectivity that was reduced in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. In human stools, this reduction was variable depending on the donors. Viral RNA was excreted in the feces of infected hamsters, but exposure of na\u00efve hamsters to feces of infected animals did not lead to any productive infection. Conversely, hamsters could be experimentally infected following exposure to spiked fresh feces. Conclusion: Infection following exposure to naturally contaminated feces has been suspected but has not been established so far. The present work demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 rapidly lost infectivity in spiked or naturally infected feces. Although the possibility of persistent viral particles in human or animal feces cannot be fully ruled out, SARS-CoV-2 transmission after exposure to contaminated feces is unlikely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T03:40:32Z","timestamp":1660621232000},"page":"1777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Reduction in SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infectivity in Human and Hamster Feces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9628-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Wurtzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Eau de Paris, 33 Avenue Jean Jaur\u00e8s, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lacote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES\u2014Laboratoire de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Virologie, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0141-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Severine","family":"Murri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES\u2014Laboratoire de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Virologie, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Marianneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES\u2014Laboratoire de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Virologie, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3231-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elodie","family":"Monchatre-Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7331-505X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micka\u00ebl","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Br\u00e9tigny-sur-Orge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvon","family":"Maday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL), CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4217-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ousmane","family":"K\u00e9b\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndongo","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Peyrefitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2914-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"Sokol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75571 Paris, France"},{"name":"Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, 75571 Paris, France"},{"name":"INRAe, UMR1319 Micalis and AgroParisTech, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"OBEPINE Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Moulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Eau de Paris, 33 Avenue Jean Jaur\u00e8s, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Mar\u00e9chal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). 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