{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T13:41:50Z","timestamp":1776778910901,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5217\/Sindh\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5217\/Sindh\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSF\/Res\/S-AKU\/Med (488)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSF\/Res\/S-AKU\/Med (488)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/969219-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/969219-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009374","name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5217\/Sindh\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5217\/Sindh\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009374","name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSF\/Res\/S-AKU\/Med (488)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSF\/Res\/S-AKU\/Med (488)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009374","name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/969219-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/969219-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5217\/Sindh\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5217\/Sindh\/NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSF\/Res\/S-AKU\/Med (488)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSF\/Res\/S-AKU\/Med (488)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/969219-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/969219-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: CMV and EBV co-infections can affect the HIV disease progression by modulating the immune system. The disease dynamics can differ in HIV-positive adults and children. In Pakistan, HIV is rapidly expanding, especially in children; however, the prevalence of CMV and EBV co-infection and the effect on immune modulation in HIV-positive children are not known. This study aimed to bridge this gap by estimating the rate of active CMV and EBV co-infection in HIV-positive children, followed by the analysis of differential expression of cytokines in HIV mono- and HIV\/CMV\/EBV co-infected children. (2) Methods: DNA samples from 319 HIV-positive children, previously recruited as part of a study to investigate the HIV outbreak in Larkana, Pakistan, in 2019, were screened for CMV and EBV through qPCR. Subsequently, differences in HIV viral loads and CD4 counts were analyzed between the HIV mono- and HIV\/CMV\/EBV co-infected groups. The RNA samples were used to determine the differential expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the mono- and co-infected groups using RT-qPCR, while unpaired T-test and Pearson correlation test were applied to, respectively, analyze the differential cytokine expression and correlation between cytokine in the two groups. (3) Results: Of 319 samples, the rate of active EBV and CMV co-infection in HIV-positive children was observed in 79.9% and 38.9%, respectively. A significant difference was observed in HIV viral load between HIV mono- and co-infected groups. IFN-\u03b3 expression was found to be lower in the HIV mono-infected group, while higher in all other three co-infected groups. Meanwhile, mRNA expression of TGF-\u03b21 was found to be lower in HIV mono- and HIV\u2013CMV\u2013EBV co-infected groups, while higher in HIV\u2013CMV and HIV\u2013EBV co-infected groups. IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 exhibited a significant positive correlation in all except HIV\u2013CMV co-infected group. (4) Conclusions: The study suggests that the presence of EBV\/CMV co-infection can affect the HIV viral loads and expression of certain cytokines (IFN-\u03b3 and TGF-\u03b21), which may affect the HIV disease dynamics in infected children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"1823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["CMV and EBV Co-Infection in HIV-Infected Children: Infection Rates and Analysis of Differential Expression of Cytokines in HIV Mono- and HIV\u2013CMV\u2013EBV Co-Infected Groups"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fizza","family":"Nazim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi 75600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3258-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammad Afzal","family":"Kayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi 75600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apsara","family":"Ali Nathwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9497-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Hani","family":"Abidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-012-0118-8","article-title":"HIV and Inflammation: Mechanisms and Consequences","volume":"9","author":"Hunt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. 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