{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:34:52Z","timestamp":1792290892943,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32102649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102649"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32072879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072879"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CARS-41-G15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-41-G15"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["32102649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102649"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["32072879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072879"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-41-G15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-41-G15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), hydropericardium syndrome, and gizzard erosion associated with fowl adenovirus (FAdV) infection have caused notable economic losses worldwide. In 2020, severe IBH was observed in a layer chicken farm in Hebei Province, China. Liver samples were collected from layer chickens with severe IBH and virus isolation was performed in LMH cells. DNA sequence and bioinformatics analyses were conducted to determine the phylogenetic relationship and the pathogenicity assay was conducted in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. HeB20 strain was isolated and identified as FAdV-8b, and the complete genome was successfully sequenced (GenBank No. OK188966). Although widespread recombination in clinical strains has been reported within FAdVs, HeB20 showed some novel characteristics, and did not show any recombination, highlighting that recombinant and non-recombinant FAdV-8b coexist in the clinic poultry industry. Finally, pathogenicity animal model of HeB20 was developed and showed severe IBH and 10% mortality. Collectively, a new FAdV-8b strain (HeB20) was isolated and responsible for the severe IBH in layer chickens. Complete genome of HeB20 was sequenced and valuable for future epidemiological investigations. HeB20 was capable of inducing severe IBH and 10% mortality in SPF chickens; this animal model provides a powerful tool for the future vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Complete Genome Analysis and Animal Model Development of Fowl Adenovirus 8b"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aijing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5887-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaole","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4916-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0448-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"001721","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Adenoviridae 2022","volume":"103","author":"Aoki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0203-1","article-title":"Fiber2 and hexon genes are closely associated with the virulence of the emerging and highly pathogenic fowl adenovirus 4","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Zhong, Q., Zhao, Y., Hu, Y.X., and Zhang, G.Z. (2015). Pathogenicity and Complete Genome Characterization of Fowl Adenoviruses Isolated from Chickens Associated with Inclusion Body Hepatitis and Hydropericardium Syndrome in China. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133073"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01005","article-title":"Different Dynamic Distribution in Chickens and Ducks of the Hypervirulent, Novel Genotype Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Recently Emerged in China","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2","article-title":"Isolation of an adenovirus from hydropericardium syndrome in broiler chicks","volume":"1","author":"Khawaja","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pak. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108670","article-title":"The first complete genome sequence and pathogenicity characterization of fowl adenovirus 11 from chickens with inclusion body hepatitis in Pakistan","volume":"244","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2307\/1592616","article-title":"Characterization of fowl adenoviruses from outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis\/hydropericardium syndrome in Chile","volume":"43","author":"Toro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02296","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of fowl adenovirus infection in commercial chickens in Korea","volume":"91","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1637\/9764-041911-Reg.1","article-title":"Pathotypic and molecular characterization of a fowl adenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis in Saskatchewan chickens","volume":"56","author":"Dar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.09.025","article-title":"Molecular typing of fowl adenoviruses, isolated in Hungary recently, reveals high diversity","volume":"167","author":"Kajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-013-0183-7","article-title":"Characterization of fowl adenoviruses associated with hydropericardium syndrome and inclusion body hepatitis in broiler chickens","volume":"25","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.14-0312","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of fowl adenoviruses isolated from chickens with gizzard erosion in Japan","volume":"76","author":"Mase","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v85i1.1058","article-title":"Molecular differentiation and pathogenicity of Aviadenoviruses isolated during an outbreak of inclusion body hepatitis in South Africa","volume":"85","author":"Joubert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2015.1125443","article-title":"Clinicopathological characterization and genomic sequence differences observed in a highly virulent fowl Aviadenovirus serotype 4","volume":"45","author":"Absalon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2635-4","article-title":"Phylogenetic and geographic analysis of fowl adenovirus field strains isolated from poultry in Poland","volume":"161","author":"Niczyporuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1637\/11551-120516-Reg.1","article-title":"Fowl Adenoviruses D and E Cause Inclusion Body Hepatitis Outbreaks in Broiler and Broiler Breeder Pullet Flocks","volume":"61","author":"Morshed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450701805324","article-title":"Genotyping of Canadian isolates of fowl adenoviruses","volume":"37","author":"Ojkic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey425","article-title":"Pathogenicity and complete genome sequence of a fowl adenovirus serotype 8b isolate from China","volume":"98","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2020.1810629","article-title":"Spotlight on avian pathology: Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) in chickens and beyond\u2014An unresolved host-pathogen interplay","volume":"50","author":"Schachner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1385724","article-title":"Fowl adenovirus-induced diseases and strategies for their control\u2014A review on the current global situation","volume":"47","author":"Schachner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"107","article-title":"Inclusion body hepatitis associated with fowl adenovirus type 8b in broiler flock in Slovenia\u2014A case report","volume":"48","author":"Zadravec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Slov. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2298\/AVB1301101Z","article-title":"Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) outbreak associated with fowl adenovirus type 8b in broilers","volume":"63","author":"Zadravec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet.-Beogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.019","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus-attenuated vaccine co-contaminated with fowl adenovirus and chicken infectious anemia virus results in inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in poultry","volume":"218","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schachner, A., Gonzalez, G., Endler, L., Ito, K., and Hess, M. (2019). Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV) Recombination with Intertypic Crossovers in Genomes of FAdV-D and FAdV-E, Displaying Hybrid Serological Phenotypes. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121094"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-019-00172-7","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of A Novel Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 8a Strain from China","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13730","article-title":"Emerging of a novel natural recombinant fowl adenovirus in China","volume":"68","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0060321","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00603-21","article-title":"A Single Amino Acid at Residue 188 of the Hexon Protein Is Responsible for the Pathogenicity of the Emerging Novel Virus Fowl Adenovirus 4","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm404","article-title":"Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0","volume":"23","author":"Larkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1637\/11671-050817-RegR","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analyses of Fowl Adenoviruses (FAdV) Isolated in China and Pathogenicity of a FAdV-8 Isolate","volume":"61","author":"Ruan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1736954","article-title":"Identification of chicken CAR homology as a cellular receptor for the emerging highly pathogenic fowl adenovirus 4 via unique binding mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198552","article-title":"Development of a subunit vaccine based on fiber2 and hexon against fowl adenovirus serotype 4","volume":"305","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.031","article-title":"A subunit vaccine based on fiber-2 protein provides full protection against fowl adenovirus serotype 4 and induces quicker and stronger immune responses than an inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine","volume":"61","author":"Ruan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.006","article-title":"Protection of chickens against hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome and Newcastle disease with a recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccine expressing the fowl adenovirus serotype 4 fiber-2 protein","volume":"38","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00907-z","article-title":"A novel fiber-2-edited live attenuated vaccine candidate against the highly pathogenic serotype 4 fowl adenovirus","volume":"52","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.01.060","article-title":"Vaccination with a fowl adenovirus chimeric fiber protein (crecFib-4\/11) simultaneously protects chickens against hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH)","volume":"40","author":"Schachner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0212321","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02123-21","article-title":"Recombinantly Expressed Chimeric Fibers Demonstrate Discrete Type-Specific Neutralizing Epitopes in the Fowl Aviadenovirus E (FAdV-E) Fiber, Promoting the Optimization of FAdV Fiber Subunit Vaccines towards Cross-Protection in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Schachner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1311006","article-title":"The first whole genome sequence and pathogenicity characterization of a fowl adenovirus 4 isolated from ducks associated with inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/8\/1826\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:12:48Z","timestamp":1760141568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/8\/1826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v14081826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14081826","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]}}}