{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:44:27Z","timestamp":1790639067818,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Aerosol Science","award":["EP\/S023593\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S023593\/1"]}]},{"name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Aerosol Science","award":["BB\/T011688\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T011688\/1"]}]},{"name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Aerosol Science","award":["BB\/W00884X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/W00884X\/1"]}]},{"name":"University of Bristol, Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research","award":["EP\/S023593\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S023593\/1"]}]},{"name":"University of Bristol, Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research","award":["BB\/T011688\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T011688\/1"]}]},{"name":"University of Bristol, Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research","award":["BB\/W00884X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/W00884X\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S023593\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S023593\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T011688\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T011688\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/W00884X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/W00884X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential to understanding and developing methods of restricting their dissemination. Pathogen viability measurements made using Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosol onto Substrate (CELEBS) in tandem with a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CKEDB) measurements allow for a direct comparison between viral viability and evaporation kinetics of the aerosol with a time resolution of seconds. Here, we report the airborne survival of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and determine a comparable loss of infectivity in the aerosol phase to our previous observations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the addition of clinically relevant concentrations of mucin to the bioaerosol, there is a transient mitigation of the loss of viral infectivity at 40% RH. Increased concentrations of mucin promoted heterogenous phase change during aerosol evaporation, characterised as the formation of inclusions within the host droplet. This research demonstrates the role of mucus in the aerosol phase and its influence on short-term airborne viral stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T01:50:26Z","timestamp":1661392226000},"page":"1856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianghan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Cantock\u2019s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen E.","family":"Haddrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Cantock\u2019s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-8593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry P.","family":"Oswin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Cantock\u2019s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Cantock\u2019s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Cantock\u2019s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Otero-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Cantock\u2019s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie F. S.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan A.","family":"Cogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryl J.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6022-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Cantock\u2019s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.12.022","article-title":"Dismantling Myths on the Airborne Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"110","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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