{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T09:18:11Z","timestamp":1783415891881,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal State of Tyrol","award":["LSD-A-6\/2\/107-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSD-A-6\/2\/107-2021"]}]},{"name":"Federal State of Tyrol","award":["FIN-1\/103\/1189-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIN-1\/103\/1189-2021"]}]},{"name":"Federal State of Tyrol","award":["LSD-A-6\/2\/131-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSD-A-6\/2\/131-2021"]}]},{"name":"Tirol Kliniken GmbH","award":["LSD-A-6\/2\/107-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSD-A-6\/2\/107-2021"]}]},{"name":"Tirol Kliniken GmbH","award":["FIN-1\/103\/1189-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIN-1\/103\/1189-2021"]}]},{"name":"Tirol Kliniken GmbH","award":["LSD-A-6\/2\/131-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LSD-A-6\/2\/131-2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Because a large proportion of the Austrian population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2 during high incidence periods in winter 2021\/2022, up-to-date estimates of seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are required to inform upcoming public health policies. We quantified anti-Spike IgG antibody levels in 22,607 individuals that donated blood between October 2021 and April 2022 across Tyrol, Austria (participation rate: 96.0%). Median age of participants was 45.3 years (IQR: 30.9\u201355.1); 41.9% were female. From October 2021 to April 2022, seropositivity increased from 84.9% (95% CI: 83.8\u201386.0%) to 95.8% (94.9\u201396.4%), and the geometric mean anti-Spike IgG levels among seropositive participants increased from 283 (95% CI: 271\u2013296) to 1437 (1360\u20131518) BAU\/mL. The percentages of participants in categories with undetectable levels and detectable levels at &lt;500, 500\u2013&lt;1000, 1000\u2013&lt;2000, 2000\u2013&lt;3000, and \u22653000 BAU\/mL were 15%, 54%, 15%, 10%, 3%, and 3% in October 2021 vs. 4%, 18%, 17%, 18%, 11%, and 32% in April 2022. Of 2711 participants that had repeat measurements taken a median 4.2 months apart, 61.8% moved to a higher, 13.9% to a lower, and 24.4% remained in the same category. Among seropositive participants, antibody levels were 16.8-fold in vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated individuals (95% CI: 14.2\u201319.9; p-value &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in terms of seropositivity and average antibody levels has increased markedly during the winter 2021\/2022 SARS-CoV-2 waves in Tyrol, Austria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1661911776000},"page":"1877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies in Tyrol, Austria: Updated Analysis Involving 22,607 Blood Donors Covering the Period October 2021 to April 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0260-3262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Seekircher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Team, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7860-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Siller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Astl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7988-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Tschiderer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Team, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor A.","family":"Wachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyrolean Federal Institute for Integrated Care, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Division for Healthcare Network and Telehealth, UMIT-Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology GmbH, 6060 Hall, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tyrolean Federal Institute for Integrated Care, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Gaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Donor Service Tyrol of the Austrian Red Cross, 6063 Rum, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Schennach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunology, Tirol Kliniken GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1866-7159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Willeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Team, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seekircher, L., B\u00e1nki, Z., Kimpel, J., R\u00f6ssler, A., Sch\u00e4fer, H., Falkensammer, B., Bante, D., Forer, L., Sch\u00f6nherr, S., and Harthaller, T. (2022). Immune response to 2-dose BNT162b2 vaccination and risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection: The Shieldvacc-2 study. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.19.22273872"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01721-6","article-title":"Antibody responses and correlates of protection in the general population after two doses of the ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccines","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32254-8","article-title":"Levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among fully vaccinated individuals with Delta or Omicron variant breakthrough infections","volume":"13","author":"Reekie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034545","article-title":"Antibody Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers","volume":"384","author":"Lumley","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103561","article-title":"Evolution of antibody responses up to 13 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of reinfection","volume":"71","author":"Gallais","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01540-1","article-title":"Correlates of protection against symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100509","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.24.2100509","article-title":"Increased transmissibility and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as at June 2021","volume":"26","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04385-3","article-title":"Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies","volume":"602","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100557","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.26.2100557","article-title":"Neutralising capacity against Delta (B.1.617.2) and other variants of concern following Comirnaty (BNT162b2, BioNTech\/Pfizer) vaccination in health care workers, Israel","volume":"26","author":"Lustig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chemaitelly, H., Nagelkerke, N., Ayoub, H., Coyle, P., Tang, P., YASSINE, H.M., Al-Khatib, H.A., Smatti, M.K., Hasan, M.R., and Al-Kanaani, Z. (2022). Duration of immune protection of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection against reinfection in Qatar. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.06.22277306"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114583","article-title":"Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine over 6 Months","volume":"385","author":"Levin","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100928","article-title":"Initial observations on age, gender, BMI and hypertension in antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine","volume":"36","author":"Pellini","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.019","article-title":"Neutralizing immunity in vaccine breakthrough infections from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants","volume":"185","author":"Servellita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turelli, P., Zaballa, M.-E., Raclot, C., Fenwick, C., Kaiser, L., Eckerle, I., Pantaleo, G., Guessous, I., Stringhini, S., and Trono, D. (2022). Omicron infection induces low-level, narrow-range SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.02.22274436"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab411","article-title":"Determinants and Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Diverse Population: 6-Month Evaluation of a Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"224","author":"Horton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00025-2","article-title":"Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody responses and duration of immunity: A longitudinal study","volume":"2","author":"Chia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn8057","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn8057","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination wane over time and are boosted by breakthrough infection","volume":"14","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01694-9","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Com-COV): A single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial","volume":"398","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Gils, M.J., Lavell, A., van der Straten, K., Appelman, B., Bontjer, I., Poniman, M., Burger, J.A., Oomen, M., Bouhuijs, J.H., and van Vught, L.A. (2022). Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by four different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in health care workers in the Netherlands: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003991"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00432-w","article-title":"Extended interval BNT162b2 vaccination enhances peak antibody generation","volume":"7","author":"Parry","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.011","article-title":"Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"184","author":"Payne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26672-3","article-title":"Correlation of SARS-CoV-2-breakthrough infections to time-from-vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Mizrahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-021-01963-3","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in healthy blood donors from the state of Tyrol, Austria, in summer 2020","volume":"133","author":"Siller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wien Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siller, A., Seekircher, L., Wachter, G.A., Astl, M., Tschiderer, L., Pfeifer, B., Gaber, M., Schennach, H., and Willeit, P. (2022). Seroprevalence, Waning and Correlates of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies in Tyrol, Austria: Large-Scale Study of 35,193 Blood Donors Conducted between June 2020 and September 2021. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030568"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, July 14). data.gv.at\u2014Open Data \u00d6sterreich. Katalog COVID-19: Zeitreihe der Verabreichten Impfdosen der Corona-Schutzimpfung. Available online: https:\/\/www.data.gv.at\/COVID-19\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2022, July 21). data.gv.at\u2014Open Data \u00d6sterreich. Katalog COVID-19: Zeitliche Darstellung von Daten zu Covid19-F\u00e4llen je Bundesland. Available online: https:\/\/www.data.gv.at\/COVID-19\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Statistik Austria (2022, May 31). Bev\u00f6lkerung nach Alter und Geschlecht. Available online: http:\/\/www.statistik.at\/web_de\/statistiken\/menschen_und_gesellschaft\/bevoelkerung\/bevoelkerungsstruktur\/bevoelkerung_nach_alter_geschlecht\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, W., Kang, L., Cao, G., Wang, Y., Gao, P., Liu, J., and Liu, M. (2022). Percentage of Asymptomatic Infections among SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant-Positive Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071049"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00678-4","article-title":"Milder disease with Omicron: Is it the virus or the pre-existing immunity?","volume":"22","author":"Sigal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04865-0","article-title":"Limited cross-variant immunity from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron without vaccination","volume":"607","author":"Suryawanshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrett, N., Tapley, A., Andriesen, J., Seocharan, I., Fisher, L.H., Bunts, L., Espy, N., Wallis, C.L., Randhawa, A.K., and Ketter, N. (2022). High Rate of Asymptomatic Carriage Associated with Variant Strain Omicron. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.20.21268130"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00017-4","article-title":"Early assessment of the clinical severity of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in South Africa: A data linkage study","volume":"399","author":"Wolter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286","article-title":"Interval Estimation for a Binomial Proportion","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Statist. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103534","article-title":"Persistence of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 over time in the ski resort Ischgl","volume":"70","author":"Borena","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-021-00007-1","article-title":"High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in children and adults in the Austrian ski resort of Ischgl","volume":"1","author":"Knabl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89711-5","article-title":"Low SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the Austrian capital after an early governmental lockdown","volume":"11","author":"Breyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13459","article-title":"Lessons from low seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study","volume":"32","author":"Schmidthaler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632942","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.632942","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Prevalence and Symptoms in a Local Austrian Population","volume":"8","author":"Ladage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Statistik Austria (2021, December 10). Mehr als die H\u00e4lfte der SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen Kurz vor Dem Zweiten Lockdown Sind Beh\u00f6rdlich Nicht erfasst. Available online: https:\/\/www.statistik.at\/web_de\/presse\/124846.html."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01639-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody is higher in younger Austrian blood donors","volume":"49","author":"Weidner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebholz, H., Braun, R.J., Saha, T., Harzer, O., Schneider, M., and Ladage, D. (2022). Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific antibody responses in Lower Austria. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271382"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunhofer, V., Weidner, L., Hoeggerl, A.D., Zimmermann, G., Badstuber, N., Grabmer, C., Jungbauer, C., Lindlbauer, N., Held, N., and Pascariuc, M. (2022). Persistence of Naturally Acquired and Functional SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Blood Donors One Year after Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030637"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-022-01491-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Austria. The situation before the omicron wave","volume":"170","author":"Kerbl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Monatsschr. Kinderheilkd."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry, J., Osman, S., Wright, J., Richard-Greenblatt, M., Buchan, S.A., Sadarangani, M., and Bolotin, S. (2022). Does a humoral correlate of protection exist for SARS-CoV-2? A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.21.22269667"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takheaw, N., Liwsrisakun, C., Chaiwong, W., Laopajon, W., Pata, S., Inchai, J., Duangjit, P., Pothirat, C., Bumroongkit, C., and Deesomchok, A. (2022). Correlation Analysis of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG and Neutralizing Antibody against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants after Vaccination. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061315"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2206576","article-title":"Neutralization Escape by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5","volume":"387","author":"Hachmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04980-y","article-title":"2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection","volume":"608","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100208","article-title":"Dynamics of antibody response to BNT162b2 vaccine after six months: A longitudinal prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Naaber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"AGES\u2014Austrian Agency Health Food Safety (2022, July 15). Effectiveness of Vaccine- and Infection-Induced Immunity against Omicron SARS-CoV2 Infection A Prospective, Population-Based Cohort Study, Austria, Calendar Week 01\u201312. Available online: https:\/\/wissenaktuell.ages.at\/download\/0\/0\/4dde38a7e33ef14540d722dfaff1fd2df3c46e63\/fileadmin\/AGES2015\/Wissen-Aktuell\/Wissen_aktuell_2022\/Impfeffektivit%C3%A4t_Kohorten.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01715-4","article-title":"Three exposures to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 by either infection or vaccination elicit superior neutralizing immunity to all variants of concern","volume":"28","author":"Wratil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn8014","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn8014","article-title":"Vaccination before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to robust humoral response and antibodies that effectively neutralize variants","volume":"7","author":"Bates","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"249","article-title":"Vaccination-infection interval determines cross-neutralization potency to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron after breakthrough infection by other variants","volume":"3","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anichini, G., Terrosi, C., Gandolfo, C., Gori Savellini, G., Fabrizi, S., Miceli, G.B., Franchi, F., and Cusi, M.G. (2022). Omicron Infection Evokes Cross-Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Vaccinees. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050808"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varese, A., Mazzitelli, B., D\u00edaz, F.E., Kjolhede, M.V., Ojeda, D., Vellicce, A., Arto, P., Cicero, C., Pascowski, M., and Figueras, L. (2022). Omicron breakthrough infection after heterologous prime-boost vaccination induces a vigorous antibody response. J. Infect. Dis., jiac250.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac250"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00143-8","article-title":"Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and COVID-19 hospitalisation in individuals with natural and hybrid immunity: A retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden","volume":"22","author":"Ballin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118946","article-title":"Protection and Waning of Natural and Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"386","author":"Goldberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.018","article-title":"Imprinted SARS-CoV-2-specific memory lymphocytes define hybrid immunity","volume":"185","author":"Rodda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2022, July 21). data.gv.at\u2014Open Data \u00d6sterreich. Katalog COVID-19: Zeitliche Darstellung von Daten zu Verabreichte Impfdosen Nach Demografischen Gruppen. Available online: https:\/\/www.data.gv.at\/COVID-19\/."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/9\/1877\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:15:26Z","timestamp":1760141726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/9\/1877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v14091877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14091877","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.07.28.22278141","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]}}}