{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:45:51Z","timestamp":1792223151504,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN-FAO)","award":["OSRO\/GLO\/507\/USA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OSRO\/GLO\/507\/USA"]}]},{"name":"United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN-FAO)","award":["727922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["727922"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["OSRO\/GLO\/507\/USA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OSRO\/GLO\/507\/USA"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["727922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["727922"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since 2006, the poultry population in Burkina Faso has been seriously hit by different waves of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 epizootics. In December 2021, three distinct regions of Burkina Faso, namely, Gomboussougou, Bonyollo, and Koubri, detected HPAI H5N1 viruses in poultry. Whole genome characterization and statistical phylogenetic approaches were applied to shed light on the potential origin of these viruses and estimate the time of virus emergence. Our results revealed that the HPAI H5N1 viruses reported in the three affected regions of Burkina Faso cluster together within clade 2.3.4.4b, and are closely related to HPAI H5N1 viruses identified in Nigeria and Niger in the period 2021\u20132022, except for the PA gene, which clusters with H9N2 viruses of the zoonotic G1 lineage collected in West Africa between 2017 and 2020. These reassortant viruses possess several mutations that may be associated with an increased zoonotic potential. Although it is difficult to ascertain where and when the reassortment event occurred, the emergence of a H5N1\/H9N2 reassortant virus in a vulnerable region, such as West Africa, raises concerns about its possible impact on animal and human health. These findings also highlight the risk that West Africa may become a new hotspot for the emergence of new genotypes of HPAI viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1661911776000},"page":"1901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7173-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lalidia Bruno","family":"Ouoba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National d\u2019Elevage, Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamouni","family":"Habibata-Zerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National d\u2019Elevage, Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9566-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Zecchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Barbierato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandaogo","family":"Hamidou-Ouandaogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National d\u2019Elevage, Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5812-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Giussani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3381-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Bortolami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Accra BP 1628, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele","family":"Traore-Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Ouagadougou BP 2540, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogero","family":"Terregino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e9tou","family":"Guitti-Kindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National d\u2019Elevage, Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelique","family":"Angot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO-UN), 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Guigma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National d\u2019Elevage, Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie et de Surveillance des Bact\u00e9ries et Virus Transmis par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Secteur 28, LaBESTA s\/c Universit\u00e9 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