{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:07:10Z","timestamp":1784948830828,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute","award":["121030200299-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121030200299-3"]}]},{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute","award":["075-01135-22-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-01135-22-00"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine","award":["121030200299-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121030200299-3"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine","award":["075-01135-22-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-01135-22-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The adaptive antiviral immune response requires interaction between CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, and Th1 cells for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the data regarding the role of CD8+ T cells in the acute phase of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome are still limited. Methods.. Peripheral blood samples collected from patients with acute COVID-19 (n = 71), convalescent subjects bearing serum SARS-CoV-2 N-protein-specific IgG antibodies (n = 51), and healthy volunteers with no detectable antibodies to any SARS-CoV-2 proteins (HC, n = 46) were analyzed using 10-color flow cytometry. Results. Patients with acute COVID-19 vs. HC and COVID-19 convalescents showed decreased absolute numbers of CD8+ T cells, whereas the frequency of CM and TEMRA CD8+ T cells in acute COVID-19 vs. HC was elevated. COVID-19 convalescents vs. HC had increased na\u00efve and CM cells, whereas TEMRA cells were decreased compared to HC. Cell-surface CD57 was highly expressed by the majority of CD8+ T cells subsets during acute COVID-19, but convalescents had increased CD57 on \u2018na\u00efve\u2019, CM, EM4, and pE1 2\u20133 months post-symptom onset. CXCR5 expression was altered in acute and convalescent COVID-19 subjects, whereas the frequencies of CXCR3+ and CCR4+ cells were decreased in both patient groups vs. HC. COVID-19 convalescents had increased CCR6-expressing CD8+ T cells. Moreover, CXCR3+CCR6- Tc1 cells were decreased in patients with acute COVID-19 and COVID-19 convalescents, whereas Tc2 and Tc17 levels were increased compared to HC. Finally, IL-27 negatively correlated with the CCR6+ cells in acute COVID-19 patients. Conclusions. We described an abnormal CD8+ T cell profile in COVID-19 convalescents, which resulted in lower frequencies of effector subsets (TEMRA and Tc1), higher senescent state (upregulated CD57 on \u2018na\u00efve\u2019 and memory cells), and higher frequencies of CD8+ T cell subsets expressing lung tissue and mucosal tissue homing molecules (Tc2, Tc17, and Tc17.1). Thus, our data indicate that COVID-19 can impact the long-term CD8+ T cell immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1661911776000},"page":"1906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Heterogenous CD8+ T Cell Maturation and \u2018Polarization\u2019 in Acute and Convalescent COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Igor V.","family":"Kudryavtsev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. 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Pavlov Medical University, L\u2019va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina V.","family":"Khamitova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raisa N.","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. 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Pavlov Medical University, L\u2019va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana V.","family":"Akisheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana V.","family":"Stanevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L\u2019va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popov St. 15\/17, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7419-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra A.","family":"Lebedeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L\u2019va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny A.","family":"Vorobyov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. 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