{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:38:58Z","timestamp":1790753938286,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bio-Manguinhos\/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 induce a severe acute respiratory syndrome called COVID-19 and have led to more than six million deaths worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective preventative measure, and cellular and humoral immunity is crucial to developing individual protection. Here, we aim to investigate hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 triggered by the ChAadOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a Brazilian cohort. We investigated the immune response from ChAadOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination in na\u00efve (noCOVID-19) and previously infected individuals (COVID-19) by analyzing levels of D-dimers, total IgG, neutralizing antibodies (Nabs), IFN-\u03b3 (interferon-\u03b3) secretion, and immunophenotyping of memory lymphocytes. No significant differences in D-dimer levels were observed 7 or 15 days after vaccination (DAV). All vaccinated individuals presented higher levels of total IgG or Nabs with a positive correlation (R = 0.88). Individuals in the COVID-19 group showed higher levels of antibody and memory B cells, with a faster antibody response starting at 7 DAV compared to noCOVID-19 at 15 DAV. Further, ChAadOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination led to enhanced IFN-\u03b3 production (15 DAV) and an increase in activated T CD4+ na\u00efve cells in noCOVID-19 individuals in contrast with COVID-19 individuals. Hence, our data support that hybrid immunity triggered by ChAadOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination is associated with enhanced humoral response, together with a balanced cellular response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1661911776000},"page":"1916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Protective Immunity of COVID-19 Vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Following Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Humoral and Cellular Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4047-2091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamiris","family":"Azamor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Manguinhos\/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0889-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid Siciliano","family":"Horbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Manguinhos\/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Brito e Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Manguinhos\/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Gil","family":"Melga\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Manguinhos\/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9a Marques Vieira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Manguinhos\/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana Neves","family":"Tubar\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Manguinhos\/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7401-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana de Souza","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Manguinhos\/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Tourinho","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Manguinhos\/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, 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