{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T11:42:31Z","timestamp":1779882151727,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial Center","award":["MOHW110-TDU-B-212-124004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW110-TDU-B-212-124004"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial Center","award":["MOST 110-2321-B-039-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2321-B-039-003"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial Center","award":["DMR-111-228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-111-228"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOHW110-TDU-B-212-124004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW110-TDU-B-212-124004"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 110-2321-B-039-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2321-B-039-003"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["DMR-111-228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-111-228"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University Hospital","award":["MOHW110-TDU-B-212-124004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW110-TDU-B-212-124004"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University Hospital","award":["MOST 110-2321-B-039-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2321-B-039-003"]}]},{"name":"China Medical University Hospital","award":["DMR-111-228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-111-228"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have associated the human respiratory syncytial virus which causes seasonal childhood acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis (CABs) with climate change and air pollution. We investigated this association using the insurance claims data of 3,965,560 children aged \u2264 12 years from Taiwan from 2006\u20132016. The monthly average incident CABs increased with increasing PM2.5 levels and exhibited an inverse association with temperature. The incidence was 1.6-fold greater in January than in July (13.7\/100 versus 8.81\/100), declined during winter breaks (February) and summer breaks (June\u2013August). The highest incidence was 698 cases\/day at &lt;20 \u00b0C with PM2.5 &gt; 37.0 \u03bcg\/m3, with an adjusted relative risk (aRR) of 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97\u20131.04) compared to 568 cases\/day at &lt;20 \u00b0C with PM2.5 &lt; 15.0 \u03bcg\/m3 (reference). The incidence at \u226530 \u00b0C decreased to 536 cases\/day (aRR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.85\u20131.06) with PM2.5 &gt; 37.0 \u03bcg\/m3 and decreased further to 392 cases\/day (aRR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.58\u20130.65) when PM2.5 was &lt;15.0 \u03bcg\/m3. In conclusion, CABs infections in children were associated with lowered ambient temperatures and elevated PM2.5 concentrations, and the high PM2.5 levels coincided with low temperature levels. The role of temperature should be considered in the studies of association between PM2.5 and CABs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1661911776000},"page":"1932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Roles of Ambient Temperature and PM2.5 on Childhood Acute Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis from Viral Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8713-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, China Medical University College of Public Health, Taichung 406, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hsin","family":"Mou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao W.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Global Campus, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis P. H.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan P.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Ching","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital of China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fung-Chang","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University College of Public Health, Taichung 406, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.063461","article-title":"Respiratory illness associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"90","author":"Fleming","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. 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