{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:20:59Z","timestamp":1792722059811,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001217","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["nil"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nil"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A widespread outbreak of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was detected in mainland Australia in 2022 in a previous non-endemic area. Given JEV is known to be transfusion-transmissible, a rapid blood-safety risk assessment was performed using a simple deterministic model to estimate the risk to blood safety over a 3-month outbreak period during which 234,212 donors attended. The cumulative estimated incidence in donors was 82 infections with an estimated 4.26 viraemic components issued, 1.58 resulting in transfusion-transmission and an estimated risk of encephalitis of 1 in 4.3 million per component transfused over the risk period. Australia has initiated a robust public health response, including vector control, animal control and movement, and surveillance. Unlike West Nile virus, there is an effective vaccine that is being rolled-out to those at higher risk. Risk evaluation considered options such as restricting those potentially at risk to plasma for fractionation, which incorporates additional pathogen reduction, introducing a screening test, physicochemical pathogen reduction, quarantine, post donation illness policy changes and a new donor deferral. However, except for introducing a new deferral to potentially cover rare flavivirus risks, no option resulted in a clear risk reduction benefit but all posed threats to blood sufficiency or cost. Therefore, the blood safety risk was concluded to be tolerable without specific mitigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T03:55:38Z","timestamp":1662004538000},"page":"1935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Outbreak of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia; What Is the Risk to Blood Safety?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica C.","family":"Hoad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, West Melbourne, VIC 3003, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Kiely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, West Melbourne, VIC 3003, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive R.","family":"Seed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, West Melbourne, VIC 3003, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvina","family":"Viennet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, West Melbourne, VIC 3003, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain B.","family":"Gosbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, West Melbourne, VIC 3003, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-12","article-title":"West Nile Virus: Biology, Transmission, and Human Infection","volume":"25","author":"Colpitts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. 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