{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:24:52Z","timestamp":1784892292810,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African National Research Foundation","award":["120383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120383"]}]},{"name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","award":["120383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120383"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council","award":["120383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120383"]}]},{"name":"South African National Treasury","award":["120383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120383"]}]},{"name":"Cancer Association of South Africa","award":["120383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120383"]}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation","award":["120383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120383"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["120383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120383"]}]},{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand","award":["120383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120383"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite being vaccine-preventable, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the seventh leading cause of mortality in the world. In South Africa (SA), over 1.9 million people are chronically infected with HBV, and 70% of all Black chronic carriers are infected with HBV subgenotype A1. The virus remains a significant burden on public health in SA despite the introduction of an infant immunization program implemented in 1995 and the availability of effective treatment for chronic HBV infection. In addition, the high prevalence of HIV infection amplifies HBV replication, predisposes patients to chronicity, and complicates management of the infection. HBV research has made significant progress leading to better understanding of HBV epidemiology and management challenges in the SA context. This has led to recent revision of the national HBV infection management guidelines. Research on developing new vaccines and therapies is underway and progress has been made with designing potentially curative gene therapies against HBV. This review summarizes research carried out in SA on HBV molecular biology, epidemiology, treatment, and vaccination strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T03:55:38Z","timestamp":1662004538000},"page":"1939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Hepatitis B Virus Research in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mohube B.","family":"Maepa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits\/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Ely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits\/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kramvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatitis Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristie","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits\/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kubendran","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits\/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0106-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omphile E.","family":"Simani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongai G.","family":"Maponga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4149-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Arbuthnot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits\/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00050-4","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with cirrhosis at country, region, and global levels: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Alberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. 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