{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:53:47Z","timestamp":1792076027110,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]],"date-time":"2022-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IPCORONA-04-2073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPCORONA-04-2073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIE-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIE-0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"Strengthening the capacity of CerVirVac for research in virus immunology and vaccinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IPCORONA-04-2073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPCORONA-04-2073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"Strengthening the capacity of CerVirVac for research in virus immunology and vaccinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"Strengthening the capacity of CerVirVac for research in virus immunology and vaccinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIE-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIE-0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines","award":["IPCORONA-04-2073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPCORONA-04-2073"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines","award":["PIE-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIE-0008"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["IPCORONA-04-2073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPCORONA-04-2073"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["PIE-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIE-0008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001656","name":"Helmholtz Association through EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IPCORONA-04-2073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPCORONA-04-2073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001656","name":"Helmholtz Association through EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001656","name":"Helmholtz Association through EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIE-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIE-0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies assessing the dynamics and duration of antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination are an invaluable tool for vaccination schedule planning, assessment of risk groups and management of pandemics. In this study, we developed and employed ELISA assays to analyze the humoral responses to Nucleocapsid and Spike proteins in vaccinated health-care workers (HCW) and critically ill COVID-19 patients. Sera of more than 1000 HCWs and critically ill patients from the Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka were tested across a one-year period, encompassing the spread of major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). We observed 97% of seroconversion in HCW cohort as well as sustained anti-Spike antibody response in vaccinees for more than 6 months. In contrast, the infection-induced anti-Nucleocapsid response was waning significantly in a six-month period. Furthermore, a substantial decrease in vaccinees\u2019 anti-Spike antibodies binding to Spike protein of Omicron VOC was also observed. Critically ill COVID-19 patients had higher levels of anti-Spike and anti-Nucleocapsid antibodies compared to HCWs. No significant differences in anti-Spike and anti-Nucleocapsid antibody levels between the critically ill COVID-19 patients that were on non-invasive oxygen supplementation and those on invasive ventilation support were observed. However, stronger anti-Spike, but not anti-Nucleocapsid, antibody response correlated with a better disease outcome in the cohort of patients on invasive ventilation support. Altogether, our results contribute to the growing pool of data on humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1662670227000},"page":"1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid Antibody Response in Vaccinated Croatian Healthcare Workers and Infected Hospitalized Patients: A Single Center Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9178-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola Ku\u010dan","family":"Brli\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Pavleti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mate","family":"Lerga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran","family":"Krstanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0355-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Pribani\u0107","family":"Mate\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karmela","family":"Mikli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Mali\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonarda","family":"Mik\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Pajcur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Peru\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7041-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maren","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6477-1785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Bertoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7674-6795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurica","family":"Arapovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Bijeli Brijeg b.b., 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alen","family":"Proti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 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