{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:08:34Z","timestamp":1760231314835,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a rising concern since its declaration as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020. Recently, its association with multiple underlying organs has been identified that includes cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, nervous systems, and cutaneous manifestations. Cutaneous COVID-19 findings have been supposedly classified into the following categories: vesicular (varicella-like), papulo-vesiculsar, chilblains-like (\u201cCOVID toes\u201d) maculopapular, and urticarial morphologies. In this review, we aim to focus on the proposed pathophysiology behind the various dermatological manifestations associated with COVID-19 and their associated management. We also included prevalence and clinical features of the different COVID-19-related skin lesions in our review. A comprehensive narrative review of the literature was performed in PubMed databases. Data from case reports, observational studies, case series, and reviews till June 2022 were all screened and included in the review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1662670227000},"page":"1972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pathobiology of Cutaneous Manifestations Associated with COVID-19 and Their Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Waniyah","family":"Masood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 75271, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9060-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahzaib","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital Lahore, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8162-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor Ayman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 75271, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1956-3001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaima","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 75271, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghasem Rahmatpour","family":"Rokni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48175866, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gold Skin Care Center, Nashville, TN 37215, USA"},{"name":"Tennessee Clinical Research Center, Nashville, TN 37215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clay J.","family":"Cockerell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"Cockerell Dermatopathology, Dallas, TX 75235, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Goldust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, December 26). 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