{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:48:46Z","timestamp":1769579326096,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) might be transmitted vertically. Cockatiel embryonic brain cells and embryonated eggs of cockatiels (ECE) were infected with PaBV-2 and PaBV-4. In embryonic brain cells, PaBV-2 and PaBV-4 showed no differences in viral spread despite the slower growth of PaBV-2 compared with PaBV-4 in CEC-32 cells. ECE were inoculated with PaBV-4 and 13\u201314 dpi, organs were sampled for RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry\/histology, and virus isolation. In 28.1% of the embryos PaBV-4-RNA and in 81.3% PaBV-4-antigen was detected in the brain. Virus isolation failed. Division of organ samples and uneven tissue distribution of the virus limited the results. Therefore, 25 ECE were inoculated with PaBV-4 (group 1) and 15 ECE with PaBV-2 (group 3) in the yolk sac, and 25 ECE were inoculated with PaBV-4 (group 2) and 15 eggs with PaBV-2 (group 4) in the chorioallantoic membrane to use the complete organs from each embryo for each examination method. PaBV-RNA was detected in the brain of 80% of the embryos in groups 1, 2, 3 and in 100% of the embryos in group 4. In 90% of the infected embryos of group 1, and 100% of group 2, 3 and 4, PaBV antigen was detected in the brain. PaBV antigen\u2013positive brain cells were negative for anti-neuronal nuclear protein, anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein, and anti S-100 staining. Virus was not re-isolated. These results demonstrated a specific distribution pattern and spread of PaBV-4 and PaBV-2 in the brain when inoculated in ECE. These findings support a potential for vertical transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1662670227000},"page":"1984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experimental Infection of Embryonic Cells and Embryonated Eggs of Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) with Two Parrot Bornavirus Isolates (PaBV-4 and PaBV-2)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Wuest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Malberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0177-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Petzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Enderlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Heffels-Redmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Herden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3710-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Lierz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.589825","article-title":"Occurrence of avian bornavirus infection in captive psittacines in various European countries and its association with proventricular dilatation disease","volume":"40","author":"Enderlein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1412.080984","article-title":"Novel borna virus in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease","volume":"14","author":"Honkavuori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. 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