{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:36:19Z","timestamp":1765233379398,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Building Institutional Capacity at Mozambique Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (BICMINS)"},{"name":"the Fogarty HIV Research Training Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) can become a public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries where genotypic testing for people initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not available. For first-line regimens to remain effective, levels of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) need to be monitored over time. To determine the temporal trends of TDR in Mozambique, a search for studies in PubMed and sequences in GenBank was performed. Only studies covering the pol region that described HIVDR and genetic diversity from treatment na\u00efve patients were included. A dataset from seven published studies and one novel unpublished study conducted between 1999 and 2018 were included. The Calibrated Population Resistance tool (CPR) and REGA HIV-1 Subtyping Tool version 3 for sequences pooled by sampling year were used to determine resistance mutations and subtypes, respectively. The prevalence of HIVDR amongst treatment-na\u00efve individuals increased over time, reaching 14.4% in 2018. The increase was most prominent for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), reaching 12.7% in 2018. Subtype C was predominant in all regions, but a higher genetic variability (19% non-subtype C) was observed in the north region of Mozambique. These findings confirm a higher diversity of HIV in the north of the country and an increased prevalence of NNRTI resistance among treatment na\u00efve individuals over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T04:54:41Z","timestamp":1662699281000},"page":"1992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology and Trends in HIV-1 Transmitted Drug Resistance in Mozambique 1999\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nalia","family":"Ismael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), Estrada Nacional N1, Marracuene 3943, Mozambique"},{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2503-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduan","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Mahumane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), Estrada Nacional N1, Marracuene 3943, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hernane","family":"Gemusse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), Estrada Nacional N1, Marracuene 3943, 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Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pirolita","family":"Mambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), Estrada Nacional N1, Marracuene 3943, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1726-4454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavanya","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9dio","family":"Mabunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), Estrada Nacional N1, Marracuene 3943, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dulce","family":"Bila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation in Mozambique, Avenida Agostinho Neto, Maputo 620, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1318-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Engelbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Gudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade (INS), Estrada Nacional N1, Marracuene 3943, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0926-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Lessells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T\u00falio","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, April 12). 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