{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:34:03Z","timestamp":1778949243127,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1801285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1801285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92169102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92169102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21622108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21622108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M701417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M701417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A1515110734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1801285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1801285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92169102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92169102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21622108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21622108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M701417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M701417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A1515110734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["U1801285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1801285"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["92169102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92169102"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["21622108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21622108"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021M701417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M701417"]}]},{"name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021A1515110734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110734"]}]},{"name":"Guang Dong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["U1801285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1801285"]}]},{"name":"Guang Dong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["92169102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92169102"]}]},{"name":"Guang Dong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["21622108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21622108"]}]},{"name":"Guang Dong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2021M701417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M701417"]}]},{"name":"Guang Dong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2021A1515110734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110734"]}]},{"name":"Initial Startup Fund of Jinan University","award":["U1801285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1801285"]}]},{"name":"Initial Startup Fund of Jinan University","award":["92169102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92169102"]}]},{"name":"Initial Startup Fund of Jinan University","award":["21622108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21622108"]}]},{"name":"Initial Startup Fund of Jinan University","award":["2021M701417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M701417"]}]},{"name":"Initial Startup Fund of Jinan University","award":["2021A1515110734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110734"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the COVID-19 epidemic progresses with the emergence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is important to know the effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against the variants. To maximize efficiency, a third boost injection of the high-dose SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine KCONVAC was selected for investigation. In addition to the ancestral strain, KCONVAC boost vaccination induced neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific CD8 T cells to recognize several variants, including B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.1.529 (Omicron), B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.3, B.1.526.1 (Lota), B.1.526.2, B.1.618, and B.1.617.3. Both humoral and cellular immunity against variants were lower than those of ancestral variants but continued to increase from day 0 to day 7 to day 50 after boost vaccination. Fifty days post-boost, the KCONVAC-vaccinated CD8 T-cell level reached 1.23-, 2.59-, 2.53-, and 1.01-fold that of convalescents against ancestral, Delta, Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants, respectively. Our data demonstrate the importance of KCONVAC boosters to broaden both humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:15:02Z","timestamp":1663114502000},"page":"2016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effectiveness of Booster Doses of the SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine KCONVAC against the Mutant Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chanchan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Huaqiao Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanjuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People\u2019s Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boya","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lipeng","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weibin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huayu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guomin","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingshan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guobing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Jinan University-BioKangtai Vaccine Institute, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1796-6111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congling","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Jinan University-BioKangtai Vaccine Institute, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-019-00660-2","article-title":"Binding to m6A RNA promotes YTHDF2-mediated phase separation","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, H.X., Liu, J.K., Huang, B.Y., Li, G.F., Chang, X.Y., Liu, Y.F., Wang, W.L., Chu, K., Hu, J.L., and Li, J.X. (2021). Immunogenicity and Safety of a SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine (KCONVAC) in Healthy Adults: Two Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Phase 1\/2 Clinical Trials, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.07.21253850"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doron, A., Piura, Y., Vigiser, I., Kolb, H., Regev, K., Nesher, N., and Karni, A. (2022). BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine three-dose safety and risk of COVID-19 in patients with myasthenia gravis during the alpha, delta, and omicron waves. J. Neurol., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000903572.81447.33"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, R., Neumann, F., Grobe, O., Lorentz, T., Fickenscher, H., and Krumbholz, A. (2022). Humoral immune response after different SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regimens. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02231-x"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14893","article-title":"BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine induces antibodies of broader cross-reactivity than natural infection, but recognition of mutant viruses is up to 10-fold reduced","volume":"76","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687869","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.687869","article-title":"The Infectivity and Antigenicity of Epidemic SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the United Kingdom","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807836","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1807836","article-title":"Immune responses during COVID-19 infection","volume":"9","author":"Melenotte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg5669","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg5669","article-title":"CD8 + T cells specific for conserved coronavirus epitopes correlate with milder disease in COVID-19 patients","volume":"6","author":"Mallajosyula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.02.063","article-title":"Memory T cell responses targeting the SARS coronavirus persist up to 11 years post-infection","volume":"34","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D784","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1166","article-title":"Allele frequency net 2015 update: New features for HLA epitopes, KIR and disease and HLA adverse drug reaction associations","volume":"43","author":"Takeshita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.13358","article-title":"HLA common and well-documented alleles in China","volume":"92","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"HLA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764949","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.764949","article-title":"CD8+ T-Cell Epitope Variations Suggest a Potential Antigen HLA-A2 Binding Deficiency for Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103934","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 caused HLA-A2 CD8 T cell epitope mutations for impaired cellular immune response","volume":"25","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100789","article-title":"Optimization of antigen specific CD8 T cell activation conditions for infectious diseases including COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2381","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2381","article-title":"Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants BA.1 to BA.5: Implications for immune escape and transmission","volume":"2022","author":"Shrestha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01079-8","article-title":"Unravelling the enhanced vaccine immunity by heterologous KCONVAC\/Ad5-nCoV COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001573","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults: Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials","volume":"134","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, S., Peng, O., Sun, R., Xu, Q., Hu, F., Zhao, Y., Xue, C., Cao, Y., and Zhang, H. (2021). Transcriptional Landscape of Vero E6 Cells during Early Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040674"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., He, P., Li, J., Liu, H., Shi, M., Yu, J., and Wei, H. (2022). Steep Decline in Binding Capability of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant (B.1.1.529) RBD to the Antibodies in Early COVID-19 Convalescent Sera and Inactivated Vaccine Sera. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020335"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948014","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.948014","article-title":"Neutralizing Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variants Following a Third BNT162b2 Booster Dose According to Three Homologous or Heterologous COVID-19 Vaccination Schedules","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101505","article-title":"T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"55","author":"Niessl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06414-1","article-title":"COVID-19 and the intensive care unit: Vaccines to the rescue","volume":"47","author":"Dallmeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119451","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant","volume":"386","author":"Andrews","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7032e1","article-title":"Reduced Risk of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 After COVID-19 Vaccination\u2014Kentucky, May\u2013June 2021","volume":"70","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2117128","article-title":"Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines over a 9-Month Period in North Carolina","volume":"386","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/9\/2016\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:29:40Z","timestamp":1760142580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/9\/2016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v14092016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14092016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]}}}