{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:53:47Z","timestamp":1791816827525,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) is the most recently integrated retrovirus in the human genome, with implications for multiple disorders, including cancer. Although typically transcriptionally silenced in normal adult cells, dysregulation of HERV-K (HML-2) elements has been observed in cancer, including breast, germ cell tumors, pancreatic, melanoma, and brain cancer. While multiple methods of carcinogenesis have been proposed, here we discuss the role of HERV-K (HML-2) in the promotion and maintenance of the stem-cell in cancer. Aberrant expression of HERV-K has been shown to promote expression of stem cell markers and promote dedifferentiation. In this review, we discuss HERV-K (HML-2) as a potential therapeutic target based on evidence that some tumors depend on the expression of its proteins for survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:15:02Z","timestamp":1663114502000},"page":"2019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Role of HERV-K in Cancer Stemness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Rivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7899-0751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mynor J. Mendez","family":"Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology and Immunotherapy, Department of Neurosurgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaidya","family":"Govindarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology and Immunotherapy, Department of Neurosurgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Seetharam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology and Immunotherapy, Department of Neurosurgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1117-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara T.","family":"Doucet-O\u2019Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3890-0165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Heiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish H.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology and Immunotherapy, Department of Neurosurgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(00)00138-6","article-title":"Endogenous retroviruses and the human germline","volume":"10","author":"Bock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.60.2.589-598.1986","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of human endogenous retrovirus genome related to the mouse mammary tumor virus genome","volume":"60","author":"Ono","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/6766","article-title":"An almost-intact human endogenous retrovirus K on human chromosome 7","volume":"21","author":"Mayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. 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