{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:08:45Z","timestamp":1760231325674,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Duisburg-Essen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mammalian seminal plasma contains a multitude of bioactive components, including lipids, glucose, mineral elements, metabolites, proteins, cytokines, and growth factors, with various functions during insemination and fertilization. The seminal plasma protein PDC-109 is one of the major soluble components of the bovine ejaculate and is crucially important for sperm motility, capacitation, and acrosome reaction. A hitherto underappreciated function of seminal plasma is its anti-microbial and antiviral activity, which may limit the sexual transmission of infectious diseases during intercourse. We have recently discovered that PDC-109 inhibits the membrane fusion activity of influenza virus particles and significantly impairs viral infections at micromolar concentrations. Here we investigated whether the antiviral activity of PDC-109 is restricted to Influenza or if other mammalian viruses are similarly affected. We focused on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), thoroughly assessing PDC-109 inhibition with SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-pseudotyped reporter virus particles, but also live-virus infections. Consistent with our previous publications, we found significant virus inhibition, albeit accompanied by substantial cytotoxicity. However, using time-of-addition experiments we discovered a treatment regimen that enables virus suppression without affecting cell viability. We furthermore demonstrated that PDC-109 is also able to impair infections mediated by the VSV glycoprotein (VSVg), thus indicating a broad pan-antiviral activity against multiple virus species and families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:15:02Z","timestamp":1663114502000},"page":"2031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Bovine Seminal Plasma Protein PDC-109 Possesses Pan-Antiviral Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9638-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah Sabeth","family":"Sperber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6397-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 171, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1749-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Stra\u00dfe 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4113-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7497-5180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Schwarzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.208-231.2001","article-title":"Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System","volume":"65","author":"Dejucq","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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