{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:10:36Z","timestamp":1760231436061,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["CV20-204195","UCO-FEDER 1380508-R","PP2021 SUBMOD2.1","CEX2018-000806-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV20-204195","UCO-FEDER 1380508-R","PP2021 SUBMOD2.1","CEX2018-000806-S"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba","award":["CV20-204195","UCO-FEDER 1380508-R","PP2021 SUBMOD2.1","CEX2018-000806-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV20-204195","UCO-FEDER 1380508-R","PP2021 SUBMOD2.1","CEX2018-000806-S"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["CV20-204195","UCO-FEDER 1380508-R","PP2021 SUBMOD2.1","CEX2018-000806-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV20-204195","UCO-FEDER 1380508-R","PP2021 SUBMOD2.1","CEX2018-000806-S"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["CV20-204195","UCO-FEDER 1380508-R","PP2021 SUBMOD2.1","CEX2018-000806-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV20-204195","UCO-FEDER 1380508-R","PP2021 SUBMOD2.1","CEX2018-000806-S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infection has become a global health problem specially exacerbated with the continuous appearance of new variants. Healthcare workers (HCW) have been one of the most affected sectors. Children have also been affected, and although infection generally presents as a mild disease, some have developed the Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS). We recruited 190 adults (HCW and cohabitants, April to June 2020) and 57 children (April 2020 to September 2021), of whom 12 developed PIMS-TS, in a hospital-based study in Spain. Using an in-house Luminex assay previously validated, antibody levels were measured against different spike and nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants of concern (VoC). Seropositivity rates obtained from children and adults, respectively, were: 49.1% and 11% for IgG, 45.6% and 5.8% for IgA, and 35.1% and 7.3% for IgM. Higher antibody levels were detected in children who developed PIMS-TS compared to those who did not. Using the COVID-19 IgM\/IgA ELISA (Vircell, S.L.) kit, widely implemented in Spanish hospitals, a high number of false positives and lower seroprevalences compared with the Luminex estimates were found, indicating a significantly lower specificity and sensitivity. Comparison of antibody levels against RBD-Wuhan versus RBD-VoCs indicated that the strongest positive correlations for all three isotypes were with RBD-Alpha, while the lowest correlations were with RBD-Delta for IgG, RBD-Gamma for IgM, and RBD-Beta for IgA. This study highlights the differences in antibody levels between groups with different demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as reporting the IgG, IgM, and IgA response to RBD VoC circulating at the study period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T01:48:10Z","timestamp":1663206490000},"page":"2039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Study in Pediatric Patients and Health Care Workers Using Multiplex Antibody Immunoassays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3991-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Prados de la Torre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Obando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Pediatr\u00eda, Secci\u00f3n de Infectolog\u00eda, Reumatolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Hospital Infantil Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, RITIP, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Hospital Cl\u00ednic\u2014Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"de Felipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Pediatr\u00eda, Secci\u00f3n de Infectolog\u00eda, Reumatolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Hospital Infantil Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, RITIP, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Hospital Cl\u00ednic\u2014Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3704-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Hospital Cl\u00ednic\u2014Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4240-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Carolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Olbrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Pediatr\u00eda, Secci\u00f3n de Infectolog\u00eda, Reumatolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Hospital Infantil Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, RITIP, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8318-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Capilla-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Pediatr\u00eda, Secci\u00f3n de Infectolog\u00eda, Reumatolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Hospital Infantil Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, RITIP, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pau","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Santamaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1893-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Blanco-Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Pediatr\u00eda, Secci\u00f3n de Infectolog\u00eda, Reumatolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Hospital Infantil Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, RITIP, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5105-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Moncunill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Hospital Cl\u00ednic\u2014Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8744-7045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel J.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6751-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlota","family":"Doba\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Hospital Cl\u00ednic\u2014Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.09.018","article-title":"The Emergence of COVID-19 as a Global Pandemic: Understanding the Epidemiology, Immune Response and Potential Therapeutic Targets of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"179","author":"Muralidar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0075","article-title":"Humoral 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