{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:08:29Z","timestamp":1788984509223,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015550","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SG-2018-12366194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2018-12366194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015550","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP12117A0F451274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP12117A0F451274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Valeria Pietropaolo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SG-2018-12366194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2018-12366194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Valeria Pietropaolo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP12117A0F451274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP12117A0F451274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the non-coding control region (NCCR) and microRNA (miRNA) could represent two different and independent modalities of regulating JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) replication at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, the interplay between JC viral load based on NCCR architecture and miRNA levels, following JCPyV infection with archetypal and rearranged (rr)-NCCR JCPyV variants, was explored in COS-7 and SVGp12 cells infected by different JCPyV strains. Specifically, the involvement of JCPyV miRNA in regulating viral replication was investigated for the archetypal CY strain\u2014which is the transmissible form\u2014and for the rearranged MAD-1 strain, which is the first isolated variant from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The JCPyV DNA viral load was low in cells infected with CY compared with that in MAD-1-infected cells. Productive viral replication was observed in both cell lines. The expression of JCPyV miRNAs was observed from 3 days after viral infection in both cell types, and miR-J1-5p expression was inversely correlated with the JCPyV replication trend. The JCPyV miRNAs in the exosomes present in the supernatants produced by the infected cells could be carried into uninfected cells. Additional investigations of the expression of JCPyV miRNAs and their presence in exosomes are necessary to shed light on their regulatory role during viral reactivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"2070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["COS-7 and SVGp12 Cellular Models to Study JCPyV Replication and MicroRNA Expression after Infection with Archetypal and Rearranged-NCCR Viral Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8377-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Prezioso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00163 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0678-5537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Passerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Limongi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Telematic University, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-4381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Teresa","family":"Palamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1931-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo","family":"Moens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Troms\u00f8\u2014The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5723-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Pietropaolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12128","article-title":"The Human JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV): Virological Background and Clinical Implications","volume":"121","author":"Hirsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson, A.L., and Atwood, W.J. (2020). Fifty Years of JC Polyomavirus: A Brief Overview and Remaining Questions. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090969"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/21.8.1959","article-title":"The Transcriptional Enhancer Element, Kappa B, Regulates Promoter Activity of the Human Neurotropic Virus, JCV, in Cells Derived from the CNS","volume":"21","author":"Ranganathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.09.005","article-title":"Modulation of JC Virus Transcription by C\/EBPbeta","volume":"146","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.06.010","article-title":"Cooperative Roles of NF-\u03baB and NFAT4 in Polyomavirus JC Regulation at the KB Control Element","volume":"432","author":"Wollebo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, M.K., Kaminski, R., Khalili, K., and Wollebo, H.S. (2014). Rad51 Activates Polyomavirus JC Early Transcription. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110122"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq097","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy\u2014Revisited","volume":"203","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richman, D.R., Whitley, R.J., and Hayden, F.J. (2017). Polyomaviruses. Clinical Virology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819439"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-8-1499","article-title":"Human Polyomavirus JC Promoter\/Enhancer Rearrangement Patterns from Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Brain Are Unique Derivatives of a Single Archetypal Structure","volume":"74","author":"Ault","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.53.1.306-311.1985","article-title":"Differences in Regulatory Sequences of Naturally Occurring JC Virus Variants","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6095453","article-title":"JC Virus Enhancer-Promoter Active in Human Brain Cells","volume":"226","author":"Kenney","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalili, K., and Stoner, G.L. (2001). Transcription and replication in the human polyomaviruses. Human Polyomaviruses\u2014Molecular and Clinical Perspectives, Wiley-Liss, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471221945"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"179","article-title":"John Cunningham Virus: An Overview on Biology and Disease of the Etiological Agent of the Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"41","author":"Pietropaolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05031-11","article-title":"Molecular Biology, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, the JC Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease of the Human Brain","volume":"25","author":"Ferenczy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.51.2.458-469.1984","article-title":"Human Polyomavirus JC Virus Genome","volume":"51","author":"Frisque","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.46.1.170-176.1983","article-title":"Nucleotide Sequence of the Region Encompassing the JC Virus Origin of DNA Replication","volume":"46","author":"Frisque","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0037","article-title":"Sequences within the Early and Late Promoters of Archetype JC Virus Restrict Viral DNA Replication and Infectivity","volume":"216","author":"Daniel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.9.5843-5848.1995","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation of Human JC Polyomavirus Promoters by Cellular Proteins YB-1 and Pur Alpha in Glial Cells","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67020473.x","article-title":"Human JC Virus Nuclear Factor 1 Binding Motifs and Large Tumor Antigen Region Required for Transactivation of Late Promoter","volume":"67","author":"Kumar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.4.2712","article-title":"Reciprocal Interaction between Two Cellular Proteins, Puralpha and YB-1, Modulates Transcriptional Activity of JCVCY in Glial Cells","volume":"19","author":"Safak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.023184-0","article-title":"Transcription Factor Spi-B Binds Unique Sequences Present in the Tandem Repeat Promoter\/Enhancer of JC Virus and Supports Viral Activity","volume":"91","author":"Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280009018304","article-title":"Analysis of the Transcriptional Control Region in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"6","author":"Vaz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03915.x","article-title":"Identification of DDX1 as a JC Virus Transcriptional Control Region-Binding Protein","volume":"51","author":"Sunden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03907.x","article-title":"DDX1 Promotes Proliferation of the JC Virus through Transactivation of Its Promoter","volume":"51","author":"Sunden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10448","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00614-10","article-title":"Rearranged JC Virus Noncoding Control Regions Found in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Patient Samples Increase Virus Early Gene Expression and Replication Rate","volume":"84","author":"Gosert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0167-9","article-title":"HIV-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Longitudinal Study of JC Virus Non-Coding Control Region Rearrangements and Host Immunity","volume":"19","author":"Iannetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2016-0345","article-title":"The biology of JC polyomavirus","volume":"398","author":"Assetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.03.012","article-title":"Polyomavirus miRNAs: The Beginning","volume":"7","author":"Imperiale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-268","article-title":"The miRNA World of Polyomaviruses","volume":"10","author":"Lagatie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9823","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01144-08","article-title":"Evolutionarily Conserved Function of a Viral microRNA","volume":"82","author":"Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8200","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301907110","article-title":"miRNA Regulation of BK Polyomavirus Replication During Early Infection","volume":"110","author":"Broekema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.11.038","article-title":"SV40 DNA Replication: From the A gene to a Nanomachine","volume":"384","author":"Fanning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092611-150154","article-title":"Large T Antigens of Polyomaviruses: Amazing Molecular Machines","volume":"66","author":"An","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90381-4","article-title":"Regulation of JCVL Promoter Function: Transactivation of JCVL Promoter by JCV and SV40 Early Proteins","volume":"170","author":"Lashgari","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(87)90224-8","article-title":"Evidence for a Shift in 5\u2032-Termini of Early Viral RNA During the Lytic Cycle of JC Virus","volume":"158","author":"Khalili","year":"1987","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34146-7","article-title":"Reconstitution of Complete SV40 DNA Replication with Purified Replication Factors","volume":"269","author":"Waga","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12125","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.12125","article-title":"Protein Domains Connect Cell Cycle Stimulation Directly to Initiation of DNA Replication","volume":"91","author":"Rose","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03576","article-title":"SV40-encoded microRNAs Regulate Viral Gene Expression and Reduce Susceptibility to Cytotoxic T Cells","volume":"435","author":"Sullivan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martelli, F., Wu, Z., Delbue, S., Weissbach, F.H., Giulioli, M.C., Ferrante, P., Hirsch, H.H., and Giannecchini, S. (2018). BK Polyomavirus MicroRNA Levels in Exosomes Are Modulated by Non-Coding Control Region Activity and Down-Regulate Viral Replication When Delivered to Non-Infected Cells Prior to Infection. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090466"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02572","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Herpes Viral Spread and Immune Evasion","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Nanbo, A., Sun, L., and Lin, Z. (2019). Extracellular Vesicles in Epstein-Barr Virus\u2019 Life Cycle and Pathogenesis. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7020048"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000694","article-title":"Exosomes in HIV infection","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90282-8","article-title":"SV40-Transformed Simian Cells Support the Replication of Early SV40 Mutants","volume":"23","author":"Gluzman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.4.1257","article-title":"Establishment of a Line of Human Fetal Glial Cells That Supports JC Virus Multiplication","volume":"82","author":"Major","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21313","article-title":"Presence and Expression of JCV Early Gene Large T Antigen in the Brains of Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent Individuals","volume":"80","author":"Delbue","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2999980","article-title":"Enzymatic Amplification of Beta-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia","volume":"230","author":"Saiki","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Rasband, W.S., and ImageJ (2022, July 25). National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 1997\u20132016, Available online: https:\/\/imagej.nih.gov\/ij\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Link, A., Balaguer, F., Nagasaka, T., Boland, C.R., and Goel, A. (2014). MicroRNA miR-J1-5p as a Potential Biomarker for JC Virus Infection in the Gastrointestinal Tract. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100036"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, K., Sato, Y., Sekizuka, T., Kuroda, M., Suzuki, T., Hasegawa, H., and Katano, H. (2020). High Expression of JC Polyomavirus-Encoded microRNAs in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Tissues and Its Repressive Role in Virus Replication. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008523"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042226","article-title":"Polyomavirus Persistence","volume":"3","author":"Imperiale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91777-6","article-title":"Cultivation of Papova-like Virus from Human Brain with Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy","volume":"1","author":"Padgett","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107829","article-title":"Risk of Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"366","author":"Bloomgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9203-1","article-title":"Molecular Regulation of JC Virus Tropism: Insights into Potential Therapeutic Targets for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"5","author":"Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20375","article-title":"Investigation on the Role of Cell Transcriptional Factor Sp1 and HIV-1 TAT Protein in PML Onset or Development","volume":"204","author":"Mischitelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moens, U., Prezioso, C., and Pietropaolo, V. (2020). Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121406"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.8.4.15587","article-title":"MicroRNA Based Immunoevasion Mechanism of Human Polyomaviruses","volume":"8","author":"Bauman","year":"2011","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.01.008","article-title":"An Identical miRNA of the Human JC and BK Polyoma Viruses Targets the Stress-Induced Ligand ULBP3 to Escape Immune Elimination","volume":"9","author":"Bauman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3542-7","article-title":"Efficient Propagation of Archetype JC Polyomavirus in COS-7 Cells: Evaluation of Rearrangements within the NCCR Structural Organization after Transfection","volume":"162","author":"Prezioso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-0939-1","article-title":"COS-7-Based Model: Methodological Approach to Study John Cunningham Virus Replication Cycle","volume":"15","author":"Prezioso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8494","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.18.8494","article-title":"Polyoma Virus Early-Late Switch: Regulation of Late RNA Accumulation by DNA Replication","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.3.992-1001.1990","article-title":"Replication-Dependent Transactivation of the Polyomavirus Late Promoter","volume":"64","author":"Cahill","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.11.026","article-title":"Polyomavirus JC microRNA Expression after Infection In Vitro","volume":"213","author":"Giovannelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.7.5335-5342.1998","article-title":"Archetype JC Virus Efficiently Replicates in COS-7 Cells, Simian Cells Constitutively Expressing Simian Virus 40 T Antigen","volume":"72","author":"Hara","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914843107","article-title":"Functional Delivery of Viral miRNAs via Exosomes","volume":"107","author":"Pegtel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0325-3","article-title":"Detection of JCPyV microRNA in Blood and Urine Samples of Multiple Sclerosis Patients under Natalizumab Therapy","volume":"21","author":"Giovannelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/9\/2070\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:33:41Z","timestamp":1760142821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/9\/2070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v14092070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14092070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]}}}