{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:06:39Z","timestamp":1785521199046,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian State Assignment for Fundamental Research","award":["0784-2020-0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0784-2020-0023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we developed a novel, multiplex qPCR assay for simultaneous detection of RIG-1, MDA5, and IFIT-1 at the mRNA level. The assay was validated in A549 cells transfected with in vitro transcribed RNAs. Both exogenous RNA-GFP and self-amplifying (saRNA-GFP) induced significant expression of RIG-1, MDA5, IFIT-1, as well as type I and III interferons. In contrast, native RNA from intact A549 cells did not upregulate expression of these genes. Next, we evaluated RIG-1, MDA5, and IFIT-1 mRNA levels in the white blood cells of patients with influenza A virus (H3N2) or SARS-CoV-2. In acute phase (about 4 days after disease onset) both viruses induced these genes expression. Clinical observations of SARS-CoV-2 typically describe a two-step disease progression, starting with a mild-to-moderate presentation followed by a secondary respiratory worsening 9 to 12 days after the first onset of symptoms. It revealed that the expression of RIG-1, MDA5, and MxA was not increased after 2 and 3 weeks from the onset the disease, while for IFIT-1 it was observed the second peak at 21 day post infection. It is well known that RIG-1, MDA5, and IFIT-1 expression is induced by the action of interferons. Due to the ability of SOCS-1 to inhibit interferon-dependent signaling, and the distinct antagonism of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to interferon-stimulated genes expression, we assessed SOCS-1 mRNA levels in white blood cells. SARS-CoV-2 patients had increased SOCS-1 expression, while the influenza-infected group did not differ from heathy donors. Moreover, SOCS-1 mRNA expression remained stably elevated during the course of the disease. It can be assumed that augmented SOCS-1 expression is one of multiple mechanisms that allow SARS-CoV-2 to escape from the interferon-mediated immune response. Our results implicate SOCS-1 involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"2090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Simultaneous Detection of RIG-1, MDA5, and IFIT-1 Expression Is a Convenient Tool for Evaluation of the Interferon-Mediated Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey A.","family":"Lozhkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina A.","family":"Plotnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marya A.","family":"Egorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-8466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina L.","family":"Baranovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Elpaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0289-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey A.","family":"Klotchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey V.","family":"Vasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Scientific and Educational Center for Biophysical Research in the Field of Pharmaceuticals, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060920","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: Their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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