{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:44:33Z","timestamp":1790603073552,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]],"date-time":"2022-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is an immunosuppressive disease caused by chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) that poses a great threat to the poultry industry worldwide. At present, vaccination is an important way to prevent and control CIA. Apart from a CIAV-attenuated vaccine used in clinical practice, the research and development of a genetically engineered vaccine has good prospects. However, it is difficult to induce a strong protective effect with a single subunit vaccine or DNA vaccine. Therefore, the goal of this study is to develop and evaluate a DNA prime\/protein boost vaccine strategy for defense against CIAV infection and spread. In this study, the recombinant proteins of CIAV VP1 and VP2 were prepared using an Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression system, and the eukaryotic expression plasmid pBud-VP1-VP2 was constructed. Subsequently, the effects of the DNA prime\/protein boost strategy on antibody production and cellular immunity response were measured. The results showed that combined vaccination could induce a higher antibody titer than those of a DNA vaccine or subunit vaccine alone. In addition, spleen lymphocyte index (SI) and IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-\u03b3 levels were also significant in chickens the received the combined vaccination. To further investigate the protective effect of DNA prime\/protein boost vaccination, a CIAV challenge experiment was carried out. The results showed that infection with CIAV reduced the hematocrit value (Hct) and thymus index, while vaccination recovered this reduction, and the combined immunization group was the least affected by CIAV infection. Furthermore, the CIAV viral load in the combined immunization group was the lowest, indicating that the combined immunization could provide a better protective efficacy. In conclusion, the DNA prime and recombinant protein boost vaccination can be used as an important anti-CIAV strategy, which can induce both enhanced cellular and humoral immunity responses in chickens and provide a new avenue for CIAV prevention and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T04:09:36Z","timestamp":1664424576000},"page":"2115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["DNA Prime and Recombinant Protein Boost Vaccination Confers Chickens with Enhanced Protection against Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingrong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8118-4846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7383","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.12.7383-7388.1992","article-title":"Chicken anemia virus causes apoptosis of thymocytes after in vivo infection and of cell lines after in vitro infection","volume":"66","author":"Jeurissen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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