{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T20:27:14Z","timestamp":1781036834039,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"European Regional Development Fund, the Mobilitas Pluss Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOBTT39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOBTT39"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Some viruses cause outbreaks, which require immediate attention. Neutralizing antibodies could be developed for viral outbreak management. However, the development of monoclonal antibodies is often long, laborious, and unprofitable. Here, we report the development of chicken polyclonal neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: Layers were immunized twice with 14-day intervals using the purified receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2\/Wuhan or SARS-CoV-2\/Omicron. Eggs were harvested 14 days after the second immunization. Polyclonal IgY antibodies were extracted. Binding of anti-RBD IgYs was analyzed by immunoblot and indirect ELISA. Furthermore, the neutralization capacity of anti-RBD IgYs was measured in Vero-E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2-mCherry\/Wuhan and SARS-CoV-2\/Omicron using fluorescence and\/or cell viability assays. In addition, the effect of IgYs on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 and host cytokine genes in the lungs of Syrian Golden hamsters was examined using qRT-PCR. Results: Anti-RBD IgYs efficiently bound viral RBDs in situ, neutralized the virus variants in vitro, and lowered viral RNA amplification, with minimal alteration of virus-mediated immune gene expression in vivo. Conclusions: Altogether, our results indicate that chicken polyclonal IgYs can be attractive targets for further pre-clinical and clinical development for the rapid management of outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T04:09:36Z","timestamp":1664424576000},"page":"2121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antiviral Immunoglobulins of Chicken Egg Yolk for Potential Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Erlend","family":"Ravlo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse","family":"Evensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norimun AS, Felleskj\u00f8pet Agri SA, Postboks 469, 0105 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorm","family":"Sanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Felleskj\u00f8pet F\u00f4rutvikling AS, Nedre Ila 20, 7018 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri","family":"Hildonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norimun AS, Felleskj\u00f8pet Agri SA, Postboks 469, 0105 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Ianevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Olav","family":"Skjervold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norimun AS, Felleskj\u00f8pet Agri SA, Postboks 469, 0105 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Kaarb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0105 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerda Dominyka","family":"Kaynova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thora Storm School, 7012 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis E.","family":"Kainov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnar","family":"Bj\u00f8r\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104112","article-title":"Mono- and combinational drug therapies for global viral pandemic preparedness","volume":"25","author":"Ianevski","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04005-0","article-title":"High genetic barrier to SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal neutralizing antibody escape","volume":"600","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029849","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. 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