{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:22:47Z","timestamp":1783455767685,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VGH-NYMU research","award":["VGHUST108-G3-2-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VGHUST108-G3-2-2"]}]},{"name":"VGH-NYMU research","award":["VGHUST108-G3-2-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VGHUST108-G3-2-2"]}]},{"name":"VGH-NYMU research","award":["DOH95-DC-1109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOH95-DC-1109"]}]},{"name":"VGH-NYMU research","award":["DOH97-DC-1202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOH97-DC-1202"]}]},{"name":"VGH-NYMU research","award":["VGHUST108-G3-2-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VGHUST108-G3-2-2"]}]},{"name":"VGH-NYMU research","award":["VGHUST108-G3-2-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VGHUST108-G3-2-2"]}]},{"name":"VGH-NYMU research","award":["DOH95-DC-1109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOH95-DC-1109"]}]},{"name":"VGH-NYMU research","award":["DOH97-DC-1202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOH97-DC-1202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persons who inject drugs (PWID) and their risk-related behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex and sharing needles\/syringes\/other injection equipment) have caused severe public health problems, especially in the rapid spread of HIV-1 and HCV. Here, we reconstructed the epidemic history of HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) 01_AE, CRF07_BC, and HCV subtype-6w among Taiwanese PWID. The timescales were estimated using phylogenetic and Bayesian coalescent analyses. The results revealed that CRF01_AE started to circulate in the Taiwanese PWID population in central Taiwan at 1992.5 (95% credible region: 1988.8\u20131995.9) and spread to other regions of Taiwan, while CRF07_BC was first identified in southern Taiwan at 2000.0 (95% CR: 1997.8\u20132002.2) and then spread northward to central-northern Taiwan. All HCV-6 strains were from Asia (that is, China, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Vietnam) and originated in 1928.1 (95% CR: 1890.2\u20131966.0). Furthermore, subtype-6w isolates from different regions of Taiwan appeared to share a common source that existed in the mid-1990s (95% CR: 1985.0\u20132001.8) or thereabouts. The routes of drug trafficking and the resulting high prevalence of HIV-1\/HCV co-infections among PWID might have contributed to the virus transmission and promoted its spread worldwide. Long-term monitoring and policy implementation in at-risk populations would be useful for disease control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T04:09:36Z","timestamp":1664424576000},"page":"2142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Geographic Transmission and Epidemic History of HIV-1 CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and HCV Subtype-6w among Taiwanese Persons Who Inject Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3023-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant Center, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 701033, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Chin","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6644-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9556-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Feng","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin-Fu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 25169, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2022, September 16). 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