{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T21:49:59Z","timestamp":1775598599045,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NICHD Intramural Program"},{"name":"NIH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is frequent and potentially severe. The immunobiology of cCMV infection is poorly understood, involving cytokines that could be carried within or on the surface of extracellular vesicles (EV). We investigated intra-amniotic cytokines, mediated or not by EV, in cCMV infection. Methods: Forty infected fetuses following early maternal primary infection and forty negative controls were included. Infected fetuses were classified according to severity at birth: asymptomatic, moderately or severely symptomatic. Following the capture of EV in amniotic fluid (AF), the concentrations of 38 cytokines were quantified. The association with infection and its severity was determined using univariate and multivariate analysis. A prediction analysis based on principal component analysis was conducted. Results: cCMV infection was nominally associated with an increase in six cytokines, mainly soluble (IP-10, IL-18, ITAC, and TRAIL). EV-associated IP-10 was also increased in cases of fetal infection. Severity of fetal infection was nominally associated with an increase in twelve cytokines, including five also associated with fetal infection. A pattern of specific increase in six proteins fitted severely symptomatic infection, including IL-18soluble, TRAILsoluble, CRPsoluble, TRAILsurface, MIGinternal, and RANTESinternal. Conclusion: Fetal infection and its severity are associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in Th1 immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T04:09:36Z","timestamp":1664424576000},"page":"2145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cytokine Profiling of Amniotic Fluid from Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3093-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bourgon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Obst\u00e9trique\u2014Maternit\u00e9, Chirurgie, M\u00e9decine et Imagerie F\u0153tales, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades, GHU Paris Centre, AP-HP, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe d\u2019Accueil \u00abF\u0152TUS\u00bb 73-28, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugues","family":"Aschard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Magny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9quipe d\u2019Accueil \u00abF\u0152TUS\u00bb 73-28, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Service de R\u00e9animation N\u00e9onatale, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades, GHU Paris Centre, AP-HP, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Guilleminot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9quipe d\u2019Accueil \u00abF\u0152TUS\u00bb 73-28, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Reference des Herpes Virus-Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 Infection Cong\u00e9nitale \u00e0 Cytom\u00e9galovirus, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades, GHU Paris Centre, AP-HP, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Stirnemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Obst\u00e9trique\u2014Maternit\u00e9, Chirurgie, M\u00e9decine et Imagerie F\u0153tales, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades, GHU Paris Centre, AP-HP, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe d\u2019Accueil \u00abF\u0152TUS\u00bb 73-28, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Ville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Obst\u00e9trique\u2014Maternit\u00e9, Chirurgie, M\u00e9decine et Imagerie F\u0153tales, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades, GHU Paris Centre, AP-HP, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe d\u2019Accueil \u00abF\u0152TUS\u00bb 73-28, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Leruez-Ville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9quipe d\u2019Accueil \u00abF\u0152TUS\u00bb 73-28, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Reference des Herpes Virus-Laboratoire Associ\u00e9 Infection Cong\u00e9nitale \u00e0 Cytom\u00e9galovirus, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades, GHU Paris Centre, AP-HP, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.535","article-title":"Review and Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiology of Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection","volume":"17","author":"Kenneson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. 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