{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:24Z","timestamp":1787030124209,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17fk0108312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17fk0108312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19fk0108100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19fk0108100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22fk0108649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22fk0108649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rabies virus is widely distributed and vaccines are an important strategy to prevent its spread. The whole-genome sequences of rabies strains in relation to vaccine development provide essential information to maintain vaccine quality and develop new vaccines. However, the genetic characteristics of the purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine, KM Biologics (PCECV-KMB), developed in Japan in the 1970s, have not been explored. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the open reading frame regions of rabies strains discovered from the 1940s\u20131980s and used to develop chick embryo cell-adapted HEP-Flury small plaque-forming (CEF-S) strain, which is a vaccine strain of PCECV-KMB. The genetic characteristic of CEF-S, developed by acclimation of the HEP-Flury-NIID strain to one-day eggs and subsequently to chick embryo cells, were confirmed by comparing the genome identity and revealing the nine amino acid mutations between CEF-S and HEP-Flury-NIID. The efficacy of PCECV-KMB was evaluated using attack strains isolated in Thailand in the 1960s\u20131970s during vaccine development. Phylogenetic analyses of the attack strains classified them in the same Asian clade as the 2000s imported cases from the Philippines to Japan, suggesting that PCECV-KMB is adequate for preventing the spread of the current rabies virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T01:43:01Z","timestamp":1664502181000},"page":"2152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Genetic Characterization of Human Rabies Vaccine Strain in Japan and Rabies Viruses Related to Vaccine Development from 1940s to 1980s"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Madoka","family":"Horiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Posadas-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3805-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutsuyo","family":"Takayama-Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukie","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itoe","family":"Iizuka-Shiota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0704-9611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikou","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Saijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5823-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Kweng","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahata, K.D., Bollen, N., Gill, M.S., Layan, M., Bourhy, H., Dellicour, S., and Baele, G. (2021). On the Use of Phylogeographic Inference to Infer the Dispersal History of Rabies Virus: A Review Study. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081628"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2019). United Against Rabies Collaboration First Annual Progress Report: Global Strategic Plan to End Human Deaths from Dog-Mediated Rabies by 2030, WHO Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2008.00241.x","article-title":"The First Imported Case of Rabies into Japan in 36 Years: A Forgotten Life-Threatening Disease","volume":"15","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.11.016","article-title":"Characterization of Russian Rabies Virus Vaccine Strain RV-97","volume":"132","author":"Metlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taab151","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab151","article-title":"Fourth imported rabies case since the eradication of rabies in Japan in 1957","volume":"28","author":"Nosaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1409.070845","article-title":"Regulatory Systems for Prevention and Control of Rabies, Japan","volume":"14","author":"Omoe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwan, N.C.L., Yamada, A., and Sugiura, K. (2018). Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Policy of Mandatory Annual Rabies Vaccination of Domestic Dogs in Rabies-Free Japan. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/448258"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M., Tang, Q., Wang, D.M., Mo, Z.J., Guo, S.H., Li, H., Tao, X.Y., Rupprecht, C.E., Feng, Z.J., and Liang, G.D. (2009). Epidemiological Investigations of Human Rabies in China. BMC Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-210"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.040775","article-title":"Human Rabies in China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-176","article-title":"Sequencing and Molecular Characterization of CTNCEC25, a China Fixed Rabies Virus Vaccine Strain CTN-1 Adapted to Primary Chicken Embryo Cells","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2018.7.2.87","article-title":"Strategies to Maintain Korea\u2019s Animal Rabies Non-occurrence Status","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.1011134","article-title":"30 Years of Rabies Vaccination with Rabipur: A Summary of Clinical Data and Global Experience","volume":"14","author":"Giesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies [Second Report], World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"182","article-title":"Inactivated Rabies Vaccine of Chick Embryo Cell Culture Origin","volume":"21","author":"Kondo","year":"1974","journal-title":"Symp. Ser. Immunobiol. Stand."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"823","article-title":"Avianized Rabies Virus Vaccination in Man","volume":"10","author":"Schwab","year":"1954","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"869","article-title":"Study of Antirabies Immunization of Man Observations with HEP Flury and Other Vaccines, with and without Hyperimmune Serum","volume":"17","author":"Fox","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Yamawaki, K. (1935). The Situation of the Prevalence of Infectious Diseases of Animals before and after the Enactment of the Prevention of Animal Quarantine Law. History of Prevention for Domestic Animal Infectious Disease in Meiji Era, National Institute of Animal Health. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"191","article-title":"Rabies Prevention for Domestic Animals","volume":"42","author":"Kondo","year":"1929","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050197","article-title":"Nucleoprotein Gene Analysis of Fixed and Street Rabies Virus Variants Using RT-PCR","volume":"142","author":"Arai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.11150\/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.815","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Two Rabies Viruses, Takamen and Komatsugawa Strains Isolated in Japan in the 1940\u2019s","volume":"78","author":"Arai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kansenshogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1128\/am.1.3.135-137.1953","article-title":"Potencies of Phenolized Rabies Vaccine Improved by Addition of Merthiolate during Inactivation","volume":"1","author":"Nelson","year":"1953","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-003-0271-x","article-title":"Characterization of Oita Virus 296\/1972 of Rhabdoviridae Isolated from a Horseshoe Bat Bearing Characteristics of Both Lyssavirus and Vesiculovirus","volume":"149","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marston, D.A., McElhinney, L.M., Ellis, R.J., Horton, D.L., Wise, E.L., Leech, S.L., David, D., de Lamballerie, X., and Fooks, A.R. (2013). Next Generation Sequencing of Viral RNA Genomes. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-444"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troupin, C., Dacheux, L., Tanguy, M., Sabeta, C., Blanc, H., Bouchier, C., Vignuzzi, M., Duchene, S., Holmes, E.C., and Bourhy, H. (2016). Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals the Complex Evolutionary History of Rabies Virus in Multiple Carnivore Hosts. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006041"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.02.008","article-title":"Genetic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Skunk-Associated Rabies Viruses in North America with Special Emphasis on the Central Plains","volume":"174","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104179","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of near Full-Length Sequences of the Desmodus rotundus Genetic Lineage of Rabies Virus","volume":"80","author":"Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/003913-0","article-title":"The Origin and Phylogeography of Dog Rabies Virus","volume":"89","author":"Bourhy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-73-5-1149","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Virus in France: Comparison with Vaccine Strains","volume":"73","author":"Sacramento","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01309-10","article-title":"Rabies Virus (RV) Glycoprotein Expression Levels Are Not Critical for Pathogenicity of RV","volume":"85","author":"Wirblich","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"409","article-title":"Sequencing the Complete Genome of Rabies Virus CVS-11 Strain and Constructing Its Full-Length Infectious CDNA Clone","volume":"53","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.01.014","article-title":"A Highly Attenuated Rabies Virus HEP-Flury Strain Reverts to Virulent by Single Amino Acid Substitution to Arginine at Position 333 in Glycoprotein","volume":"119","author":"Inoue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90122-0","article-title":"Arginine or Lysine in Position 333 of ERA and CVS Glycoprotein Is Necessary for Rabies Virulence in Adult Mice","volume":"172","author":"Tuffereau","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1657-z","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Rabies Virus CVS-24 from China","volume":"158","author":"Jiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90559-X","article-title":"Structure and Transcription of the Glycoprotein Gene of Attenuated HEP-Flury Strain of Rabies Virus","volume":"173","author":"Morimoto","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.44.2.595-602.1982","article-title":"Antigenic Structure of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein: Ordering and Immunological Characterization of the Large CNBr Cleavage Fragments","volume":"44","author":"Dietzschold","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.1.1-7.1988","article-title":"Antigenic Site II of the Rabies Virus Glycoprotein: Structure and Role in Viral Virulence","volume":"62","author":"Prehaud","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delmas, O., Holmes, E.C., Talbi, C., Larrous, F., Dacheux, L., Bouchier, C., and Bourhy, H. (2008). Genomic Diversity and Evolution of the Lyssaviruses. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002057"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-013-0923-1","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequences of Three Rabies Viruses Isolated from Rabid Raccoon Dogs and a Cow in Korea","volume":"47","author":"Oem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(88)90600-9","article-title":"Completion of the rabies virus genome sequence determination: Highly conserved domains among the L(polymerase) proteins of unsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses","volume":"165","author":"Tordo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Kondo, S., and Otsuka, K. (1915). Exam of Rabies Vaccine. Research Center Report of Animal Research Center, Animal Research Center. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"87","article-title":"Vaccine for Animals-Research and Development","volume":"32","author":"Soekawa","year":"1978","journal-title":"Livest. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01241646","article-title":"Infection of the One-Day Old Fertile Hen\u2019s Egg with Rabies Virus. VII. Comparison of Viral Yields Obtained by Inoculation of Eggs of Different Ages with Different Strains and Production of Vaccine","volume":"10","author":"Yoshino","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2012.04592.x","article-title":"Developments in Rabies Vaccines","volume":"169","author":"Hicks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.9.259","article-title":"Infection of the One-Day Old Fertile Hen\u2019s Egg with Rabies Virus I. Growth Curves and Serial Passages","volume":"9","author":"Yoshino","year":"1956","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01267792","article-title":"Infection of the One-Day Old Fertile Hen\u2019s Egg with Rabies Virus","volume":"13","author":"Yoshino","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.11.31","article-title":"Infection of the One-Day Old Fertile Hen\u2019s Ego with Rabies Virus III. Some Observations on High Egg Passage (Hep) Strains","volume":"11","author":"Kuma","year":"1958","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"471","article-title":"New Vaccine of Rabies Virus","volume":"31","author":"Kondo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sougou Rinsyou"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/211542a0","article-title":"A Simplified Course of Immunization for the Antirabies One-Day-Egg Vaccine","volume":"211","author":"Yoshino","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(65)90160-1","article-title":"Growth Characteristics of Rabies Virus in Primary Chick Embryo Cells","volume":"27","author":"Kondo","year":"1965","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"249","article-title":"Background of New Rabies Vaccine Development and Future Usage","volume":"10","author":"Kondo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect. Inflamm. Immun."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"9","article-title":"Antigenicity of Rabies Tissue Culture Vaccine","volume":"3","author":"Kondo","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1948.2.177","article-title":"A Case of Rabies with a Prolonged Incubation Period and an Unusual Variation Phenomenon of the Virus Isolated Therefrom","volume":"2","author":"Ushiba","year":"1949","journal-title":"Jpn. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2222\/jsv1951.1.107","article-title":"Studies of rabies virus mutations","volume":"1","author":"Abe","year":"1951","journal-title":"Virus"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Takamatsu, Y., Oshima, Y., and Nakamura, Y. (1952). Report of Rabies Virus Vaccine, Japan Veterinary Medical Association. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"19","article-title":"Some Characteristics of Persistent Rabies Virus Infection in Cell Cultures","volume":"3","author":"Suzuki","year":"1979","journal-title":"Asian J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02441.x","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies in Thailand","volume":"43","author":"Ito","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"147","article-title":"Pre-immunization and Post-exposure Treatment with Inactivated Rabies Vaccine of Chick Embryo Cell Culture Origin (CEC)","volume":"40","author":"Kondo","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. Stand."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, K., Phommachanh, P., Vorachith, P., Matsumoto, T., Lamaningao, P., Mori, D., Takaki, M., Douangngeun, B., Khambounheuang, B., and Nishizono, A. (2015). Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Viruses Circulating in Two Rabies Endemic Provinces of Laos, 2011\u20132012: Regional Diversity in Southeast Asia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003645"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2007.06.003","article-title":"Revisiting Rabies in Japan: Is There Cause for Alarm?","volume":"5","author":"Tamashiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, P.J., Firth, C., Widen, S.G., Blasdell, K.R., Guzman, H., Wood, T.G., Paradkar, P.N., Holmes, E.C., Tesh, R.B., and Vasilakis, N. (2015). Evolution of Genome Size and Complexity in the Rhabdoviridae. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004664"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.091","article-title":"High Definition Viral Vaccine Strain Identity and Stability Testing Using Full-Genome Population Data\u2014The Next Generation of Vaccine Quality Control","volume":"33","author":"Freuling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/10\/2152\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:42:08Z","timestamp":1760143328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/10\/2152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v14102152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14102152","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]}}}