{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:43:17Z","timestamp":1790815397576,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["AI073755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI073755"]}]},{"name":"NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["AI095366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI095366"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last three decades, several flaviviruses of concern that belong to different antigenic groups have expanded geographically. This has resulted in the presence of often more than one virus from a single antigenic group in some areas, while in Europe, Africa and Australia, additionally, multiple viruses belonging to the Japanese encephalitis (JE) serogroup co-circulate. Morphological heterogeneity of flaviviruses dictates antibody recognition and affects virus neutralization, which influences infection control. The latter is further impacted by sequential infections involving diverse flaviviruses co-circulating within a region and their cross-reactivity. The ensuing complex molecular virus\u2013host interplay leads to either cross-protection or disease enhancement; however, the molecular determinants and mechanisms driving these outcomes are unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of four JE serocomplex viruses, parameters affecting flaviviral heterogeneity and antibody recognition, host immune responses and the current knowledge of the cross-reactivity involving JE serocomplex flaviviruses that leads to differential clinical outcomes, which may inform future preventative and therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T02:10:27Z","timestamp":1665540627000},"page":"2213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex Viruses: From Structure to Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Baldeep","family":"Khare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-014-0285-z","article-title":"Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: Focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"20","author":"Daep","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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