{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:55:16Z","timestamp":1791352516049,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1159384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1159384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AQIRF2018019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AQIRF2018019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Advance Queensland Industry Research Fellowship","award":["APP1159384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1159384"]}]},{"name":"Advance Queensland Industry Research Fellowship","award":["AQIRF2018019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AQIRF2018019"]}]},{"name":"University of Queensland","award":["APP1159384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1159384"]}]},{"name":"University of Queensland","award":["AQIRF2018019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AQIRF2018019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dengue virus (DENV) is the world\u2019s most common arboviral infection, with an estimated 3.9 million people at risk of the infection, 100 million symptomatic cases and 10,000 deaths per year. Current diagnosis for DENV includes the use of molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, which can be costly for routine use. The near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) technique is a high throughput technique that involves shining a beam of infrared light on a biological sample, collecting a reflectance spectrum, and using machine learning algorithms to develop predictive algorithms. Here, we used NIR to detect DENV1 artificially introduced into whole blood, plasma, and serum collected from human donors. Machine learning algorithms were developed using artificial neural networks (ANN) and the resultant models were used to predict independent samples. DENV in plasma samples was detected with an overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 90% (N = 56), 88.5% (N = 28) and 92.3% (N = 28), respectively. However, a predictive sensitivity of 33.3% (N = 16) and 80% (N = 10) and specificity of 46.7% (N = 16) and 32% (N = 10) was achieved for detecting DENV1 in whole blood and serum samples, respectively. DENV1 peaks observed at 812 nm and 819 nm represent C-H stretch, peaks at 1130\u20131142 nm are related to methyl group and peaks at 2127 nm are related to saturated fatty groups. Our findings indicate the potential of NIR as a diagnostic tool for DENV, however, further work is recommended to assess its sensitivity for detecting DENV in people naturally infected with the virus and to determine its capacity to differentiate DENV serotypes and other arboviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T01:44:13Z","timestamp":1665711853000},"page":"2248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["First Report of the Detection of DENV1 in Human Blood Plasma with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Brendon","family":"Goh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7114-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Visendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology & Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton R.","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Data Science, School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ciocchetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4113, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force, Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane 4051, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggy T.","family":"Sikulu-Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00334","article-title":"Cross-Reactive Immunity Among Flaviviruses","volume":"11","author":"Rathore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, O.J., Golding, N., Pigott, D.M., Kraemer, M.U.G., Messina, J.P., Reiner, R.C., Scott, T.W., Smith, D.L., Gething, P.W., and I Hay, S. (2014). Global temperature constraints on Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus persistence and competence for dengue virus transmission. Parasites Vectors, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-338"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.011","article-title":"Arboviruses: A global public health threat","volume":"38","author":"Girard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2014.09.011","article-title":"Discovery of fifth serotype of dengue virus (DENV-5): A new public health dilemma in dengue control","volume":"71","author":"Mustafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01669-8","article-title":"The causes and consequences of genetic variation in dengue virus","volume":"8","author":"Holmes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.12.011","article-title":"Comparative evolutionary epidemiology of dengue virus serotypes","volume":"12","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sang, S., Liu-Helmersson, J., Quam, M.B.M., Zhou, H., Guo, X., Wu, H., and Liu, Q. (2019). The evolutionary dynamics of DENV 4 genotype I over a 60-year period. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007592"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800098-4.00007-6","article-title":"Chapter Seven-Dengue Virus Vaccine Development","volume":"Volume 88","author":"Maramorosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Virus Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M., and Johansson, M.A. (2012). The Incubation Periods of Dengue Viruses. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050972"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.175416","article-title":"Dengue virus: A global human threat: Review of literature","volume":"6","author":"Hasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009). Pandemic, Response and ProQuest. Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Control, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodinayake, C.K., Tillekeratne, L.G., Nagahawatte, A., Devasiri, V., Arachchi, W.K., Strouse, J.J., Sessions, O.M., Kurukulasooriya, R., Uehara, A., and Howe, S. (2018). Evaluation of the WHO 2009 classification for diagnosis of acute dengue in a large cohort of adults and children in Sri Lanka during a dengue-1 epidemic. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006258"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.76","article-title":"Diagnosis of dengue: An update","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw103","article-title":"Performance of Dengue Diagnostic Tests in a Single-Specimen Diagnostic Algorithm","volume":"214","author":"Hunsperger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.03.005","article-title":"Analysis of specific IgM responses in secondary dengue virus infections: Levels and positive rates in comparison with primary infections","volume":"31","author":"Chanama","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2459","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic tests: Dengue","volume":"8","author":"Peeling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, S.-C., Huang, Y.-Y., Shu, P.-Y., Chang, S.-F., Hsieh, P.-S., Wey, J.-J., Tsai, M.-H., Ben, R.-J., Hsu, Y.-M., and Fang, Y.-C. (2019). Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Rapid Detection of Dengue Virus (DENV) NS1 and Differentiation of DENV Serotypes during Early Infection. J. Clin. Microbiol., 57.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00221-19"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.02.376-381.2002","article-title":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Specific to Dengue Virus Type 1 Nonstructural Protein NS1 Reveals Circulation of the Antigen in the Blood during the Acute Phase of Disease in Patients Experiencing Primary or Secondary Infections","volume":"40","author":"Alcon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0307","article-title":"Immunolocalization of the Dengue Virus Nonstructural Glycoprotein NS1 Suggests a Role in Viral RNA Replication","volume":"220","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikuti, M., Cruz, J., Rodrigues, M., Tavares, A., Paploski, I., Silva, M., Santana, P., Tauro, L., Silva, G., and Campos, G.s. (2019). Accuracy of the SD BIOLINE Dengue Duo for rapid point-of-care diagnosis of dengue. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213301"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Costa, V.G., Marques-Silva, A.C., and Moreli, M.L. (2014). A Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Two Commercial NS1 Antigen ELISA Tests for Early Dengue Virus Detection. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094655"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sea, V.R.F., Cruz, A.C.R., Gurgel, R.Q., Nunes, B.T.D., Silva, E.V.P., Dolabella, S.S., and Santos, R.L.C.D. (2013). Underreporting of Dengue-4 in Brazil Due to Low Sensitivity of the NS1 Ag Test in Routine Control Programs. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064056"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-164","article-title":"Evaluation of four commercial real-time RT-PCR kits for the detection of dengue viruses in clinical samples","volume":"11","author":"Najioullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz068","article-title":"A review of dengue diagnostics and implications for surveillance and control","volume":"113","author":"Raafat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00287","article-title":"The Clinical Features of Co-circulating Dengue Viruses and the Absence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo, C., Niedrig, M., Teichmann, A., Kaiser, M., Rumer, L., Jarman, R.G., and Donoso-Mantke, O. (2010). 2nd International external quality control assessment for the molecular diagnosis of dengue infections. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000833"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CC09131A","article-title":"Rapid detection of a dengue virus RNA sequence with single molecule sensitivity using tandem toehold-mediated displacement reactions","volume":"54","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400020192","article-title":"Infra-red spectroscopy and its application to microbiology","volume":"57","author":"Norris","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0192","article-title":"Non-destructive Determination of Age and Species of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"81","author":"Mayagaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikulu, M.T., Majambere, S., Khatib, B.O., Ali, A.S., Hugo, L.E., and Dowell, F.E. (2014). Using a Near-Infrared Spectrometer to Estimate the Age of Anopheles Mosquitoes Exposed to Pyrethroids. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090657"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-49","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy as a complementary age grading and species identification tool for African malaria vectors","volume":"3","author":"Sikulu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milali, M.P., Sikulu-Lord, M.T., Kiware, S.S., Dowell, F.E., Corliss, G.F., and Povinelli, R.J. (2019). Age grading An. gambiae and An. arabiensis using near infrared spectra and artificial neural networks. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209451"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milali, M.P., Sikulu-Lord, M.T., Kiware, S.S., Dowell, F.E., Povinelli, R.J., and Corliss, G.F. (2018). Do NIR spectra collected from laboratory-reared mosquitoes differ from those collected from wild mosquitoes?. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198245"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0790","article-title":"The Influence of Diet on the Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Determine the Age of Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes","volume":"92","author":"Liebman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-186","article-title":"Evaluating RNAlater\u00ae as a preservative for using near-infrared spectroscopy to predict Anopheles gambiae age and species","volume":"10","author":"Sikulu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0661-4","article-title":"Evaluating preservation methods for identifying Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis complex mosquitoes species using near infra-red spectroscopy","volume":"8","author":"Mayagaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikulu-Lord, M.T., Maia, M.F., Milali, M.P., Henry, M., Mkandawile, G., Kho, E.A., Wirtz, R.A., Hugo, L.E., Dowell, F.E., and Devine, G.J. (2016). Rapid and Non-destructive Detection and Identification of Two Strains of Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004759"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27998-7","article-title":"First report on the application of near-infrared spectroscopy to predict the age of Aedes albopictus Skuse","volume":"8","author":"Devine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat0496","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat0496","article-title":"Rapid, noninvasive detection of Zika virus in mosquitoes by near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"4","author":"Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01601-0","article-title":"High throughput estimates of Wolbachia, Zika and chikungunya infection in Aedes aegypti by near-infrared spectroscopy to improve arbovirus surveillance","volume":"4","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2719-9","article-title":"Detection of Plasmodium falciparum infected Anopheles gambiae using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"18","author":"Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03465-8","article-title":"Near infrared spectroscopy accurately detects Trypanosoma cruzi non-destructively in midguts, rectum and excreta samples of Triatoma infestans","volume":"11","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u00f1ez, G., Heisey, D.A., Volkova, E., and Rios, M. (2016). Complete Genome Sequences of Dengue Virus Type 1 to 4 Strains Used for the Development of CBER\/FDA RNA Reference Reagents and WHO International Standard Candidates for Nucleic Acid Testing. Genome Announc., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01583-15"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hugo, L., Stassen, L., La, J., Gosden, E., Ekwudu, O., Winterford, C., Viennet, E., Faddy, H.M., Devine, G.J., and Frentiu, F.D. (2019). Vector competence of Australian Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus for an epidemic strain of Zika virus. PLOS Neglected Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007281"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029800169456","article-title":"Identification of australian arboviruses in inoculated cell cultures using monoclonal antibodies in ELISA","volume":"30","author":"Broom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90323-9","article-title":"Identification of epitopes on the E glycoprotein of Saint Louis encephalitis virus using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"128","author":"Roehrig","year":"1983","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.830","article-title":"Dengue virus-specific and flavivirus group determinants identified with monoclonal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence","volume":"31","author":"Henchal","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.11.002","article-title":"Robust real-time cell analysis method for determining viral infectious titers during development of a viral vaccine production process","volume":"252","author":"Charretier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Advanced Systems Development Inc. (2020, September 23). LabSpec 5000\/5100 Portable Lab Instrument. Available online: https:\/\/www.mapping-solutions.co.uk\/downloads\/data\/ASD\/Products_Brochure\/A1007.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gladwin, C.H. (1989). Ethnographic Decision Tree Modeling, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984102"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Tin Kam, H. (1995, January 14\u201316). Random decision forests. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Ke, G., Meng, Q., Finley, T., Wang, T., Chen, W., Ma, W., Ye, Q., and Liu, T.-Y. (2017, January 4\u20139). LightGBM: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree. Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Long Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sammut, C., and Webb, G.I. (2010). Na\u00efve Bayes. Encyclopedia of Machine Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30164-8"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259","article-title":"A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity","volume":"5","author":"McCulloch","year":"1943","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.708428","article-title":"Support vector machines","volume":"13","author":"Hearst","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"12","article-title":"Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a fast method for simultaneous prediction of several soil quality components","volume":"15","author":"Slepetiene","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemija"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-006-9020-9","article-title":"Germination of Juniperus procera seeds in response to stratification and smoke treatments, and detection of insect-damaged seeds with VIS + NIR spectroscopy","volume":"33","author":"Tigabu","year":"2007","journal-title":"New For."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702001950733","article-title":"Oil and Fat Classification by Selected Bands of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"54","author":"Hourant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Workman, J.J., and Weyer, L. (2008). Practical Guide to Interpretive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420018318"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2017.07.003","article-title":"Deep Learning and Its Applications in Biomedicine","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1086\/383043","article-title":"Localization of dengue virus in naturally infected human tissues, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization","volume":"189","author":"Jessie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2018.04.018","article-title":"Raman spectral analysis for rapid screening of dengue infection","volume":"200","author":"Mahmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.609","article-title":"Near Infrared Analysis of Whole Blood and Plasma in Blood-Collecting Tubes","volume":"14","author":"Turza","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00945","article-title":"Red Blood Cells: Chasing Interactions","volume":"10","author":"Pretini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95005","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.9.095005","article-title":"Evaluation of Raman spectroscopy in comparison to commonly performed dengue diagnostic tests","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11642","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku666","article-title":"The methyltransferase domain of dengue virus protein NS5 ensures efficient RNA synthesis initiation and elongation by the polymerase domain","volume":"42","author":"Potisopon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gullberg, R.C., Steel, J.J., Pujari, V., Rovnak, J., Crick, D.C., and Perera, R. (2018). Stearoly-CoA desaturase 1 differentiates early and advanced dengue virus infections and determines virus particle infectivity. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007261"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, S., Dauner, A.L., Mitra, I., Forshey, B.M., Garcia, P., Morrison, A.C., Halsey, E.S., Kochel, T.J., and Wu, S.-J.L. (2014). Evaluation of dengue NS1 antigen rapid tests and ELISA kits using clinical samples. PloS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113411"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_453_17","article-title":"Differential susceptibility & replication potential of Vero E6, BHK-21, RD, A-549, C6\/36 cells & Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to three strains of chikungunya virus","volume":"149","author":"Sudeep","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/10\/2248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:53:39Z","timestamp":1760144019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/10\/2248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v14102248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14102248","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]}}}