{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:09:38Z","timestamp":1790611778895,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) Beca Doctorado Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21201076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21201076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) Beca Doctorado Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["217221\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217221\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Senior Research Fellowship","award":["21201076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21201076"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Senior Research Fellowship","award":["217221\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217221\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial expansions of vampire bat-transmitted rabies (VBR) are increasing the risk of lethal infections in livestock and humans in Latin America. Identifying the drivers of these expansions could improve current approaches to surveillance and prevention. We aimed to identify if VBR spatial expansions are occurring in Colombia and test factors associated with these expansions. We analyzed 2336 VBR outbreaks in livestock reported to the National Animal Health Agency (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario\u2014ICA) affecting 297 municipalities from 2000\u20132019. The area affected by VBR changed through time and was correlated to the reported number of outbreaks each year. Consistent with spatial expansions, some municipalities reported VBR outbreaks for the first time each year and nearly half of the estimated infected area in 2010\u20132019 did not report outbreaks in the previous decade. However, the number of newly infected municipalities decreased between 2000\u20132019, suggesting decelerating spatial expansions. Municipalities infected later had lower cattle populations and were located further from the local reporting offices of the ICA. Reducing the VBR burden in Colombia requires improving vaccination coverage in both endemic and newly infected areas while improving surveillance capacity in increasingly remote areas with lower cattle populations where rabies is emerging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:53:55Z","timestamp":1666612435000},"page":"2318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Drivers of Spatial Expansions of Vampire Bat Rabies in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1030-3876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulma E.","family":"Rojas-Sereno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Para la Investigaci\u00f3n de la Sustentabilidad y Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservaci\u00f3n, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Rep\u00fablica 440, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Streicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Tatiana","family":"Medina-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n T\u00e9cnica de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica, Subgerencia de Protecci\u00f3n Animal, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA, Bogot\u00e1 110931, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio A.","family":"Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Para la Investigaci\u00f3n de la Sustentabilidad y Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservaci\u00f3n, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Rep\u00fablica 440, Santiago 8320000, Chile"},{"name":"MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.3390\/v6051911","article-title":"Vampire Bat Rabies: Ecology, Epidemiology and Control","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160328","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.0328","article-title":"Spatial Expansions and Travelling Waves of Rabies in Vampire Bats","volume":"283","author":"Benavides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. 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