{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T20:00:34Z","timestamp":1782504034039,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Government of the Russian Federation","award":["2314-r"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2314-r"]}]},{"name":"the Government of the Russian Federation","award":["2656-r"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2656-r"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage of patients in the absence of routine genotyping tests and in the context of active labor migration highlight the importance of HIV-1 drug resistance (DR) surveillance in Armenia. We conducted a two-phase pretreatment DR (PDR) study in 2017\u20132018 (phase I; 120 patients) and 2020\u20132021 (phase II; 133 patients) according to the WHO-approved protocol. The analysis of HIV-1 genetic variants showed high degrees of viral diversity, with the predominance of A6. The prevalence of any PDR was 9.2% in phase I and 7.5% in phase II. PDR to protease inhibitors was found only in 0.8% in phase II. PDR to efavirenz and nevirapine was found among 5.0% and 6.7% of patients in phase I, and 6.0% and 6.8% of patients in phase II, respectively. The prevalence of PDR to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors decreased from 5.0% in phase I to 0.8% in phase II. In addition, we identified risk factors associated with the emergence of DR\u2014male, MSM, subtype B, and residence in or around the capital of Armenia\u2014and showed the active spread of HIV-1 among MSM in transmission clusters, i.e., harboring DR, which requires the immediate attention of public health policymakers for the prevention of HIV-1 DR spread in the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:53:55Z","timestamp":1666612435000},"page":"2320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Armenia in 2017\u20132018 and 2020\u20132021 following a WHO Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7116-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Kirichenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kireev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6328-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Lapovok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-8021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Shlykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-699X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Lopatukhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Pokrovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases with Courses of Epidemiology and Phthisiology, Medical Institute, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Ladnaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trdat","family":"Grigoryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshak","family":"Petrosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatevik","family":"Sarhatyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narina","family":"Sargsyants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Hovsepyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hovsep","family":"Ghazaryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3316-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermine","family":"Hovakimyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siranush","family":"Martoyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadim","family":"Pokrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, August 05). 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