{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:25:41Z","timestamp":1760232341395,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, Republic of Indonesia","award":["447\/LL3\/AK.04\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["447\/LL3\/AK.04\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reports on T-cell cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in unexposed individuals have been linked with prior exposure to the human common cold coronaviruses (HCCCs). Several studies suggested that cross-reactive T-cells response to live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) such as BCG (Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin), OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine), and MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) can limit the development and severity of COVID-19. This study aims to identify potential cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2, HCCCs, and LAVs in the context of T-cell epitopes peptides presented by HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) alleles of the Indonesian population. SARS-CoV-2 derived T-cell epitopes were predicted using immunoinformatics tools and assessed for their conservancy, variability, and population coverage. Two fully conserved epitopes with 100% similarity and nine heterologous epitopes with identical T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residues were identified from the ORF1ab fragment of SARS-CoV-2 and all HCCCs. Cross-reactive epitopes from various proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and LAVs were also identified (15 epitopes from BCG, 7 epitopes from MMR, but none from OPV). A majority of the identified epitopes were observed to belong to ORF1ab, further suggesting the vital role of ORF1ab in the coronaviruses family and suggesting it as a candidate for a potential universal coronavirus vaccine that protects against severe disease by inducing cell mediated immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:53:55Z","timestamp":1666612435000},"page":"2328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunoinformatics Identification of the Conserved and Cross-Reactive T-Cell Epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 with Human Common Cold Coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and Live Attenuated Vaccines Presented by HLA Alleles of Indonesian Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marsia","family":"Gustiananda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. Pulomas Barat Kav 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7113-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivi","family":"Julietta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. Pulomas Barat Kav 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Hermawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. Pulomas Barat Kav 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella Gita","family":"Febriana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. Pulomas Barat Kav 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rio","family":"Hermantara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. Pulomas Barat Kav 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidya","family":"Kristiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. Pulomas Barat Kav 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Sidhartha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. Pulomas Barat Kav 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Sutejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. Pulomas Barat Kav 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Agustriawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. Pulomas Barat Kav 88, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sita","family":"Andarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital, Jl. Persahabatan Raya 1, Jakarta 13230, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arli Aditya","family":"Parikesit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jl. 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