{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:50:56Z","timestamp":1785883856184,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The quantification and molecular characterization of the AdV genome in urban wastewater samples (WWSs) collected weekly at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Milan from 1 January 2021 (week 2021-01) to 1 May 2022 (week 2022-17) were performed. The concentration of the AdV genome was graphically compared with the AdV positive rate observed in the respiratory\/gastrointestinal specimens from individuals hospitalized with acute respiratory\/gastrointestinal infections collected from one of the major hospitals in Milan in the same time series. An increase in the AdV circulation in WWSs was seen from November 2021, peaking in March 2022 and overlapped with an increase in the AdV positive rate in respiratory\/fecal samples from individuals hospitalized with acute respiratory\/gastrointestinal infections. The molecular characterization of the hexon hypervariable region of loop 1 of AdV revealed the presence of the species F type 41 in WWSs collected from February 2022 to April 2022. The wastewater surveillance of AdV can provide crucial epidemiological characteristics regarding AdV, particularly where no clinical surveillance is ongoing. The increase in the AdV circulation in Milan both in WWSs and clinical samples temporally overlapped with the outbreak of severe acute pediatric hepatitis observed in Europe and needs to be better investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:53:51Z","timestamp":1666785231000},"page":"2351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Wastewater Surveillance Captured an Increase in Adenovirus Circulation in Milan (Italy) during the First Quarter of 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2344-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pellegrinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2027-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Colonia","family":"Uceda Renteria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferruccio","family":"Ceriotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Ammoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General for Health, Lombardy Region, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0450-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlinda","family":"Seiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7313-8495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Cereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General for Health, Lombardy Region, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Binda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5681-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Pariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. ECDC (2022, October 24). Epidemiological Update Issued 17 June 2022: Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology in Children. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/hepatitis\/joint-hepatitis-unknown-origin-children-surveillance-bulletin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2022, June 29). Multi-Country\u2013Acute, Severe Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON376."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00159-5","article-title":"Mystery outbreak of severe acute hepatitis in children","volume":"7","author":"Samarasekera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency (2022, June 29). Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology: Technical Briefing 3, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1077027\/acute-hepatitis-technical-briefing_3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2022, June 29). Clinical Recommendations for Adenovirus Testing and Reporting of Children with Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology. Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity (COCA), Available online: https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/coca\/calls\/2022\/callinfo_051922.asp?ACSTrackingID=USCDC_1052-DM81645&ACSTrackingLabel=%20Clinical%20Recommendations%20for%20Adenovirus%20Testing%20and%20Reporting%20of%20Children%20with%20Acute%20Hepatitis%20of%20Unknown%20Etiology%20May%2019th%2C%2020&deliveryName=USCDC_1052-DM81645."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00166-2","article-title":"Severe acute hepatitis in children: Investigate SARS-CoV-2 superantigens","volume":"7","author":"Brodin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.4908","article-title":"Association Between SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Wastewater and Reported Cases, Hospitalizations, and Vaccinations in Milan, March 2020 to November 2021","volume":"327","author":"Nattino","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.4","article-title":"Monitoring of adenovirus load in stool by real-time PCR permits early detection of impending invasive infection in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Lion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155767","article-title":"The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Italy reflected early through wastewater surveillance","volume":"837","author":"Iaconelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150816","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urban wastewater samples to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic in Lombardy, Italy (March\u2013June 2020)","volume":"806","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.6.3131-3136.2005","article-title":"Quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection of human adenoviruses and identification of serotypes 40 and 41","volume":"71","author":"Jothikumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-005-0722-7","article-title":"Molecular typing of human adenoviruses by PCR and sequencing of a partial region of the hexon gene","volume":"151","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2022). Explaining the unexplained hepatitis in children. Lancet Infect. Dis., 22, 743.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00296-1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200318","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.15.2200318","article-title":"Investigation into cases of hepatitis of unknown aetiology among young children, Scotland, 1 January 2022 to 12 April 2022","volume":"27","author":"Marsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, S., Tobar, A., Konen, O., Orenstein, N., Kropach, N., Landau, Y., Mozer-Glassberg, Y., Bar-Lev, M.R., Shaoul, R., and Shamir, R. (J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 2022). Long COVID-19 Liver Manifestation in Children, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003521"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e276","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30651-4","article-title":"COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:03:02Z","timestamp":1760144582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v14112351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14112351","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]}}}