{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:10:49Z","timestamp":1790143849182,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA NIFA","award":["R01 HD095881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD095881"]}]},{"name":"federal and state funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University","award":["R01 HD095881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD095881"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the impact of vitamin A deficiency (VAD)\/supplementation (\u00b1VA) and group A RV (RVA) maternal immunization of RVA seropositive multiparous pregnant sows, on their immune responses (anamnestic response) and on passive protection of their piglets against RVA challenge. Our results showed that VAD- mock sows had increased RVA RNA shedding at 1\u20135 days post piglet RVA challenge, and their litters had increased RVA shedding and diarrhea frequency throughout the experiment. VAD decreased memory B cell frequencies while VA supplementation increased RVA specific IgA\/IgG antibody (Ab) secreting cell (ASC) numbers in blood, milk, and tissues of RVA inoculated VAD sows. The increased numbers of RVA specific IgA\/IgG ASCs in blood, milk\/colostrum, intestinal contents, and tissues in VA supplemented VAD sows, suggest a role of VA in B cell immunity and trafficking to tissues. We also observed that RVA inoculated sows had the highest viral neutralizing Ab titers in serum and milk while VA supplementation of VAD sows and RVA inoculation increased IgA+ B cell frequencies in sow colostrum. In summary, we demonstrated that daily oral VA-supplementation (2nd trimester-throughout lactation) to RVA inoculated VAD sows improved the function of their gut-mammary-IgA immunological axis, reducing viral RNA shedding, diarrhea, and increasing weight gain in suckling piglets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:53:51Z","timestamp":1666785231000},"page":"2354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Rotavirus A Inoculation and Oral Vitamin A Supplementation of Vitamin A Deficient Pregnant Sows Enhances Maternal Adaptive Immunity and Passive Protection of Piglets against Virulent Rotavirus A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Juliet","family":"Chepngeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua O.","family":"Amimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00625, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Husheem","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3498-1922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwonil","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8823-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Raev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia V.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debasu","family":"Damtie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"},{"name":"The Ohio State University Global One Health LLC, Eastern Africa Regional Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred O.","family":"Mainga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00625, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1447-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia N.","family":"Vlasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3224-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda J.","family":"Saif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K.J., and Stevenson, G.W. (2012). Rotavirus and reovirus. Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"458","article-title":"Rotavirus as a cause of diarrhea in pigs","volume":"172","author":"Bohl","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"213","article-title":"Pathogenesis of porcine rotaviral infection in experimentally inoculated gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"39","author":"Theil","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0183392","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183392","article-title":"Estimating global, regional and national rotavirus deaths in children aged <5 years: Current approaches, new analyses and proposed improvements","volume":"12","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199309000-00003","article-title":"Passive-Immunization for Prevention of Rotavirus Illness in Healthy Infants","volume":"12","author":"Turner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260713","article-title":"Neonatal and early life immune responses to various forms of vaccine antigens qualitatively differ from adult responses: Predominance of a Th2-biased pattern which persists after adult boosting","volume":"26","author":"Barrios","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.4.623","article-title":"Prevention of human rotavirus-induced diarrhea in gnotobiotic piglets using bovine antibody","volume":"165","author":"Schaller","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.4.983-985.1996","article-title":"Serum rotavirus neutralizing-antibody titers compared by plaque reduction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based neutralization assays","volume":"34","author":"Ward","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00086-3","article-title":"Serologic responses of young colostrum fed dairy calves to antigens of Pasteurella haemolytica A1","volume":"16","author":"Hodgins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.5.826","article-title":"Rotavirus-specific breast milk antibody in two populations and possible correlates of interference with rhesus rotavirus vaccine seroconversion","volume":"165","author":"Rimer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30010-4","article-title":"Immunomodulators for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in food-producing animals","volume":"17","author":"Blecha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.05.016","article-title":"Lactogenic immunity and vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): Historical and current concepts","volume":"226","author":"Langel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2008.07.007","article-title":"Humoral and cellular factors of maternal immunity in swine","volume":"33","author":"Salmon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.04.009","article-title":"Protection of newborn animals through maternal immunization","volume":"137","author":"Pravieux","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Zhu, Z., Liu, H., Cao, W., Zhang, W., Wei, T., Zheng, M., Zhang, K., Tian, H., and Zeng, Q. (2021). Evaluation of Antibody Response in Sows after Vaccination with Senecavirus A Vaccine and the Effect of Maternal Antibody Transfer on Antibody Dynamics in Offspring. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101066"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.6.3.289-301.1972","article-title":"Antibody responses in serum, colostrum, and milk of swine after infection or vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis virus","volume":"6","author":"Bohl","year":"1972","journal-title":"Infect. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.6.4.600-609.1972","article-title":"Isolation of porcine immunoglobulins and determination of the immunoglobulin classes of transmissible gastroenteritis viral antibodies","volume":"6","author":"Saif","year":"1972","journal-title":"Infect. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.11.1.23-32.1975","article-title":"Passive immunity in transmissible gastroenteritis of swine: Immunoglobulin characteristics of antibodies in milk after inoculating virus by different routes","volume":"11","author":"Bohl","year":"1975","journal-title":"Infect. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022114-111038","article-title":"Strategies for design and application of enteric viral vaccines","volume":"3","author":"Chattha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langel, S.N., Wang, Q., Vlasova, A.N., and Saif, L.J. (2020). Host Factors Affecting Generation of Immunity Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Pregnant and Lactating Swine and Passive Protection of Neonates. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020130"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3519(99)80033-0","article-title":"Enteric viral infections of pigs and strategies for induction of mucosal immunity","volume":"41","author":"Saif","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90202-3","article-title":"Nonsteroid nuclear receptors: What are genetic studies telling us about their role in real life?","volume":"83","author":"Kastner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1003","article-title":"Vitamin-a, Infectious-Disease, and Childhood Mortality\u2014A 2-Cent Solution","volume":"167","author":"Sommer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.11.024","article-title":"Effects of vitamin A deficiency on mucosal immunity and response to intestinal infection in rats","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.12.2960","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency has different effects on immunoglobulin A production and transport during influenza A infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"126","author":"Gangopadhyay","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"20083098","article-title":"Feeding the immune system: The role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections","volume":"3","author":"Maggini","year":"2008","journal-title":"CAB Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1828-4_62","article-title":"Comparative studies of the pathogenesis, antibody immune responses, and homologous protection to porcine and human rotaviruses in gnotobiotic piglets","volume":"412","author":"Saif","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mech. Pathog. Enteric Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00757-13","article-title":"Intranasal administration of retinyl palmitate with a respiratory virus vaccine corrects impaired mucosal IgA response in the vitamin A-deficient host","volume":"21","author":"Surman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.03.025","article-title":"Oral retinyl palmitate or retinoic acid corrects mucosal IgA responses toward an intranasal influenza virus vaccine in vitamin A deficient mice","volume":"32","author":"Surman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00739-15","article-title":"Vitamin Supplementation at the Time of Immunization with a Cold-Adapted Influenza Virus Vaccine Corrects Poor Mucosal Antibody Responses in Mice Deficient for Vitamins A and D","volume":"23","author":"Surman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51684-x","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency impairs the immune response to intranasal vaccination and RSV infection in neonatal calves","volume":"9","author":"McGill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132742","article-title":"Generation of gut-homing IgA-secreting B cells by intestinal dendritic cells","volume":"314","author":"Mora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44262","article-title":"Retinoic acid induces homing of protective T and B cells to the gut after subcutaneous immunization in mice","volume":"121","author":"Hammerschmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0719-y","article-title":"Oral vitamin A supplementation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected gilts enhances IgA and lactogenic immune protection of nursing piglets","volume":"50","author":"Langel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.15-68","article-title":"Effect of vitamin A and Zn supplementation on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin level and defecation of children with persistent diarrhea","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Medeiros, P., Pinto, D.V., de Almeida, J.Z., Rego, J.M.C., Rodrigues, F.A.P., Lima, A.A.M., Bolick, D.T., Guerrant, R.L., and Oria, R.B. (2018). Modulation of Intestinal Immune and Barrier Functions by Vitamin A: Implications for Current Understanding of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections in Children. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091128"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"CD008524","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age","volume":"3","author":"Imdad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.185876","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency is associated with gastrointestinal and respiratory morbidity in school-age children","volume":"144","author":"Thornton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chattha, K.S., Kandasamy, S., Vlasova, A.N., and Saif, L.J. (2013). Vitamin A deficiency impairs adaptive B and T cell responses to a prototype monovalent attenuated human rotavirus vaccine and virulent human rotavirus challenge in a gnotobiotic piglet model. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082966"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.12.039","article-title":"Prenatal vitamin A deficiency impairs adaptive immune responses to pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq(R)) in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model","volume":"32","author":"Kandasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.02.33","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency is associated with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1086\/521195","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation has divergent effects on norovirus infections and clinical symptoms among Mexican children","volume":"196","author":"Long","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.5.3075-3083.1996","article-title":"Systematic and intestinal antibody-secreting cell responses and correlates of protective immunity to human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model of disease","volume":"70","author":"Yuan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(94)05343-Q","article-title":"Enumeration of isotype-specific antibody-secreting cells derived from gnotobiotic piglets inoculated with porcine rotaviruses","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203575","article-title":"Prenatally acquired vitamin A deficiency alters innate immune responses to human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model","volume":"190","author":"Vlasova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012493","article-title":"Maternal antibodies, childhood infections, and autoimmune diseases","volume":"345","author":"Zinkernagel","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3251","article-title":"Recent progress in mucosal vaccine development: Potential and limitations","volume":"12","author":"Lycke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7958","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.178640","article-title":"Deuterium enrichment of vitamin A at the C20 position slows the formation of detrimental vitamin A dimers in wild-type rodents","volume":"286","author":"Kaufman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod12.4.508","article-title":"Endocrine changes in the pig during late pregnancy, parturition and lactation","volume":"12","author":"Baldwin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.6","article-title":"The immune geography of IgA induction and function","volume":"1","author":"Macpherson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"12","article-title":"Magnitude of serum and intestinal antibody responses induced by sequential replicating and nonreplicating rotavirus vaccines in gnotobiotic pigs and correlation with protection","volume":"11","author":"Azevedo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-11-2661","article-title":"Serum and intestinal isotype antibody responses and correlates of protective immunity to human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model of disease","volume":"79","author":"To","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500989","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Microflora Composition","volume":"195","author":"Pantazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00643","article-title":"Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Required for the Generation of an Effective T-Independent Immune Response","volume":"7","author":"Marks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13556","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506438102","article-title":"The anti-tetanus immune response of neonatal mice is augmented by retinoic acid combined with polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid","volume":"102","author":"Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.27877","article-title":"In vivo gut transcriptome responses to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus in neonatal gnotobiotic piglets","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00046-6","article-title":"Induction of mucosal immune responses and protection against enteric viruses: Rotavirus infection of gnotobiotic pigs as a model","volume":"87","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665100000756","article-title":"All-trans-retinoic acid and polyriboinosinoic:polyribocytidylic acid cooperate to elevate anti-tetanus immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M responses in vitamin A-deficient lewis rats and Balb\/c mice","volume":"59","author":"DeCicco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1086\/315908","article-title":"Retinoic acid and polyriboinosinic acid act synergistically to enhance the antibody response to tetanus toxoid during vitamin A deficiency: Possible involvement of interleukin-2 receptor-beta, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1, and interferon regulatory factor-1","volume":"182","author":"DeCicco","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0945-1_4","article-title":"Vitamin A Absorption, Storage and Mobilization","volume":"81","author":"Blaner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sub-Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aal4069","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal4069","article-title":"The effects of micronutrient deficiencies on bacterial species from the human gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Hibberd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.08.011","article-title":"Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells","volume":"21","author":"Iwata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90305-A","article-title":"Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1","volume":"74","author":"Berlin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91560-1","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and childhood morbidity","volume":"343","author":"Stansfield","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1086\/518152","article-title":"Micronutrients and diarrheal disease","volume":"45","author":"Black","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.1.101","article-title":"Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency","volume":"122","author":"Semba","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.16.5878","article-title":"Contrasting impairments in IgM and IgG responses of vitamin A-deficient mice","volume":"84","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.1.94","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency diminishes the salivary immunoglobulin A response and enhances the serum immunoglobulin G response to influenza A virus infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"126","author":"Stephensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.2.388","article-title":"Characterization of a helper T lymphocyte defect in vitamin A-deficient mice","volume":"142","author":"Carman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.3.501","article-title":"Vitamin A depletion and repletion: Effects on antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae, type III (SSS-III)","volume":"49","author":"Pasatiempo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:03:08Z","timestamp":1760144588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v14112354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14112354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]}}}