{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:59:54Z","timestamp":1788785994356,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and the Environment","award":["RT19\/1 TIBOPATH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT19\/1 TIBOPATH"]}]},{"name":"Agency for Nature and Forests of the Flemish Government","award":["RT19\/1 TIBOPATH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT19\/1 TIBOPATH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most important tick-borne zoonotic virus in Europe. In Belgium, antibodies to TBEV have already been detected in wildlife and domestic animals, but up-to-date prevalence data for TBEV are lacking, and no studies have assessed its seroprevalence in sheep. Serum samples of 480 sheep from all over Belgium and 831 wild boar hunted in Flanders (northern Belgium) were therefore screened for TBEV antibodies by ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), respectively. The specificity of positive samples was assessed by PRNTs for TBEV and the Louping Ill, West Nile, and Usutu viruses. TBEV seroprevalence was 0.42% (2\/480, CI 95%: 0.11\u20131.51) in sheep and 9.27% (77\/831, CI 95%: 7.48\u201311.43) in wild boar. TBEV seroprevalence in wild boar from the province of Flemish Brabant was significantly higher (22.38%, 15\/67) compared to Limburg (7.74%, 34\/439) and Antwerp (8.61%, 28\/325). Oud-Heverlee was the hunting area harboring the highest TBEV seroprevalence (33.33%, 11\/33). In an attempt to obtain a Belgian TBEV isolate, 1983 ticks collected in areas showing the highest TBEV seroprevalence in wild boars were tested by real-time qPCR. No TBEV-RNA-positive tick was detected. The results of this study suggest an increase in TBEV prevalence over the last decade and highlight the need for One-Health surveillance in Belgium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:53:51Z","timestamp":1666785231000},"page":"2362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Prevalence in Sheep, Wild Boar and Ticks in Belgium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nadjah Radia","family":"Adjadj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Exotic Viruses and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Vervaeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency of Nature and Forests, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Sohier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Exotic Viruses and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7490-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micka\u00ebl","family":"Cargnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"De Regge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Exotic Viruses and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.061","article-title":"The Current Perspective on Tick-Borne Encephalitis Awareness and Prevention in Six Central and Eastern European Countries: Report from a Meeting of Experts Convened to Discuss TBE in Their Region","volume":"29","author":"Kollaritsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.23802","article-title":"Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and Its Prevention by Available Vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Amicizia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. 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